Salkovskis P M, Clark D M
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, England.
Behav Res Ther. 1990;28(1):51-61. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90054-m.
A cognitive explanation of the association between acute hyperventilation and panic attacks has been proposed: the extent to which sensations produced by hyperventilation are interpreted in a negative and catastrophic way is said to be a major determinant of panic. Non-clinical subjects were provided with a negative or a positive interpretation of the sensations produced by equivalent amounts of voluntary hyperventilation. As predicted, there was a significant difference between positive and negative interpretation conditions on ratings of positive and negative affect. Subjects in the positive interpretation condition experienced hyperventilation as pleasant, and subjects in the negative interpretation condition experienced hyperventilation as unpleasant, even though both groups experienced similar bodily sensations and did not differ in their prior expectations of the affective consequences of hyperventilation. When the subjects were given a positive interpretation, the number of their sensations correlated with positive affect; when a negative interpretation was given, the number of bodily sensations correlated with negative affect. The results provide support for a cognitive model of panic and are inconsistent with the view that panic is simply a symptom of hyperventilation syndrome.
对于急性换气过度与惊恐发作之间的关联，有人提出了一种认知解释：换气过度产生的感觉被消极且灾难性地解读的程度，被认为是惊恐的一个主要决定因素。研究人员为非临床受试者提供了对等量自愿换气过度所产生感觉的消极或积极解读。正如预测的那样，在积极和消极解读条件下，积极和消极情绪评分存在显著差异。积极解读条件下的受试者将换气过度体验为愉悦，而消极解读条件下的受试者将换气过度体验为不愉快，尽管两组受试者都经历了相似的身体感觉，并且在对换气过度情感后果的先前预期上没有差异。当给受试者积极解读时，他们的感觉数量与积极情绪相关；当给予消极解读时，身体感觉数量与消极情绪相关。这些结果为惊恐的认知模型提供了支持，并且与惊恐仅仅是换气过度综合征症状的观点不一致。
