Laboratoire de Psychologie, Santé et Qualité de vie EA 4139, University Bordeaux, France.
Percept Mot Skills. 2012 Aug;115(1):60-8. doi: 10.2466/23.04.22.PMS.115.4.60-68.
Some studies on expertise have demonstrated that the difference between novices and experts can be partly due to a lack of knowledge about which information is relevant for a given situation. This lack of knowledge seems to be associated with the selection of correct information and with inhibitory processes. However, while the efficiency of inhibitory processes can lead to better performance in the normal population, it seems that experts in chess do not base their performance on this process but rather on an automatic and parallel encoding of information. Two experiments investigated the processes involved in a check detection task. The congruence of the information was manipulated in a Stroop situation similar to Reingold, Charness, Scheltetus, & Stampe (2001). The results showed that the experts did not benefit from cuing with a congruent cue and that they did not show any interference effect by the incongruent cue, contrary to less skilled chess players who benefited from cuing (Exp. 1). An attentional priming procedure confirmed the automatic encoding of chess relations in the more skilled chess players by showing no advantage from the prime in this group (Exp. 2). Taken together, the results indicate that the processing was serial for the less skilled chess players and that it was automatic and parallel for the more expert chess players. The inhibition of irrelevant information does not seem necessary to process information rapidly and efficiently.
一些关于专长的研究表明，新手和专家之间的差异部分归因于对给定情境下哪些信息相关的缺乏了解。这种知识的缺乏似乎与正确信息的选择以及抑制过程有关。然而，尽管抑制过程的效率可以导致普通人群更好的表现，但似乎国际象棋专家的表现并非基于此过程，而是基于信息的自动和并行编码。两个实验研究了在检查检测任务中涉及的过程。在类似于 Reingold、Charness、Scheltetus 和 Stampe（2001）的斯特鲁普情境中，对信息的一致性进行了操纵。结果表明，专家不会从一致的线索中受益，也不会受到不一致线索的干扰，而技能较低的国际象棋选手则会受益于线索（实验 1）。注意启动程序证实了更熟练的国际象棋选手对国际象棋关系的自动编码，因为在这个群体中，启动没有优势（实验 2）。综上所述，结果表明，处理过程对于技能较低的国际象棋选手来说是串行的，而对于更熟练的国际象棋选手来说是自动和并行的。抑制不相关信息似乎对于快速有效地处理信息不是必需的。
