Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology José Mataix, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;61(2):160-74. doi: 10.1159/000342079. Epub 2012 Oct 2.
Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when ingested in adequate amounts. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Probiotics have demonstrated significant potential as therapeutic options for a variety of diseases, but the mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been fully elucidated yet. Several important mechanisms underlying the antagonistic effects of probiotics on various microorganisms include the following: modification of the gut microbiota, competitive adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, strengthening of the gut epithelial barrier and modulation of the immune system to convey an advantage to the host. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that probiotics communicate with the host by pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein-like receptors, which modulate key signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-ĸB and mitogen-activated protein kinase, to enhance or suppress activation and influence downstream pathways. This recognition is crucial for eliciting measured antimicrobial responses with minimal inflammatory tissue damage. A clear understanding of these mechanisms will allow for appropriate probiotic strain selection for specific applications and may uncover novel probiotic functions. The goal of this systematic review was to explore probiotic modes of action focusing on how gut microbes influence the host.
益生菌是活的微生物，当摄入足够量时，会为宿主提供健康益处。最常被用作益生菌的菌株包括乳酸菌和双歧杆菌。益生菌已被证明具有作为多种疾病治疗选择的巨大潜力，但这些作用的机制尚未完全阐明。益生菌对各种微生物的拮抗作用的几个重要机制包括：改变肠道微生物群、竞争黏附于黏膜和上皮、增强肠道上皮屏障以及调节免疫系统，从而为宿主带来优势。越来越多的证据表明，益生菌通过模式识别受体与宿主进行通信，例如 Toll 样受体和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体，这些受体调节关键信号通路，如核因子-κB 和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶，以增强或抑制激活并影响下游途径。这种识别对于引发具有最小炎症组织损伤的适度抗菌反应至关重要。清楚了解这些机制将有助于为特定应用选择合适的益生菌菌株，并可能揭示新的益生菌功能。本系统综述的目的是探讨益生菌的作用模式，重点关注肠道微生物如何影响宿主。
