Fattah E A
School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
Med Sci Law. 1990 Jan;30(1):34-8. doi: 10.1177/002580249003000108.
The study concerned 50 cases occurring throughout Austria between 1950 and 1962 where murder was committed for the purpose of robbing the victim. Fifty-nine convicted killers and 61 victims were involved and 1950 was chosen as the starting point of the research in order to avoid undue influence from the extraordinary factors affecting criminality during and immediately following the Second World War. Cases were consecutive and unselected apart from a very small number excluded through unavailability of their files for legal reasons at the time when the data were collected. Unsuccessful murder attempts were not excluded since there is no difference between crimes actually carried out and those merely attempted as regards criminogenic factors, the pre-criminal situation, the choice of victim, the relationship and interaction between criminal and victim, and the recourse to homicide. However, the inquiry was confined to cases where guilt had been proven because of the aim to study not only the crime and the victim, but also the relationship of the criminal and victim. The latter is obviously not possible where the murderer remains unknown. Accordingly, since the material comprises a large number of cases over a fairly long period (more than a decade) from all over Austria, it is fair to claim that it provides an overview of the criminality of murder with intent to rob, and of the killers and the victims, for an entire country and over a significant epoch.
该研究涉及1950年至1962年间奥地利各地发生的50起为抢劫受害者而杀人的案件。涉及59名被定罪的杀手和61名受害者，选择1950年作为研究起点是为了避免第二次世界大战期间及战后立即影响犯罪率的特殊因素产生不当影响。除了极少数因数据收集时档案因法律原因无法获取而被排除的案件外，这些案件是连续且未经挑选的。未遂谋杀企图并未被排除，因为就犯罪成因、犯罪前的情况、受害者的选择、罪犯与受害者之间的关系和互动以及杀人手段而言，实际实施的犯罪与仅仅企图实施的犯罪之间并无差异。然而，调查仅限于已证明有罪的案件，因为研究目的不仅是犯罪和受害者，还包括罪犯与受害者的关系。显然，在凶手身份不明的情况下，后者是不可能实现的。因此，由于该材料涵盖了奥地利各地相当长一段时间（超过十年）内的大量案件，可以合理地声称它提供了整个国家在一个重要时期内意图抢劫杀人的犯罪情况、杀手和受害者的概述。
