Effects of hypomagnesemia on reactivity of bovine and ovine platelets: possible relevance to infantile apnea and sudden infant death syndrome.

Blood platelet function and possible involvement in death of hypomagnesemic ruminants was investigated with 26 Angus cows, 15 mature Hampshire wethers, eight Finnish-Hampshire ewes, and 36 growing Dorset lambs. Hypomagnesemia was induced by feeding vegetative spring tall fescue to 13 cows and semipurified diets low in Mg to nine wethers, four ewes, and 18 lambs. In comparison with controls, dietary treatments reduced plasma Mg concentrations 55% in cows, 36% in wethers, 66% in ewes, and 78% in lambs. Hypomagnesemia reduced in vitro reactivity of cow and lamb platelets to thrombin, ADP, and platelet active collagen, but in vitro tests may not accurately reflect in vivo platelet reactivity. Microscopic examination of platelet-rich plasma revealed a threefold increase in clumped platelets from four hypomagnesemic ewes compared to four normomagnesemic ewes. This suggests that in vivo activation and exhaustion of platelets may have contributed to reduced in vitro platelet reactivity. Six of 18 hypomagnesemic lambs died spontaneously in tetany after 2-12 months on low-Mg diets. Heart and lung lesions were markedly similar to pathological changes induced in other lambs by intravascular activation of platelets with 500 micrograms of vascular collagen fibrils per kg body weight injected intravenously. These results suggest the possibility of abnormal blood platelet activation as a significant mortality risk factor in severe hypomagnesemia.