Evaluation and Intervention Methods Service, Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 May;15(5):992-6. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts218. Epub 2012 Oct 25.
The Spanish tobacco control law of 2006 was modified in January 2011, banning smoking in all hospitality venues. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the 2011 Spanish smoking ban on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in hospitality venues, and to analyze the potential impact of outdoor smokers close to entrances on indoor SHS levels after the law came into force.
Before-and-after evaluation study with repeated measures. The study was carried out in three regions of Spain (Catalonia, Galicia, and Madrid) and included a random sample of 178 hospitality venues. We measured vapor-phase nicotine and particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM2.5) as SHS markers at baseline (November-December 2010) and at follow-up (April-June 2011). We also recorded tobacco consumption variables such as the presence of butts, ashtrays, and smokers. In the posttest assessment, we also recorded the number of outdoor smokers close to the entrance.
A total of 351 nicotine and 160 PM2.5 measurements were taken. Both nicotine and PM2.5 concentrations decreased by more than 90% (nicotine from 5.73 to 0.57 µg/m(3), PM2.5 from 233.38 to 18.82 µg/m(3)). After the law came into force, both nicotine and PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher in venues with outdoor smokers close to the entrance than in those without outdoor smokers. All the observational tobacco consumption variables significantly decreased (p < .001).
SHS exposure in hospitality venues dramatically decreased after the 2011 Spanish smoking ban. SHS from outdoor smokers close to entrances seems to drift inside venues. Smoking control legislation should consider outdoor restrictions to ensure complete protection against SHS.
2006 年西班牙烟草控制法于 2011 年 1 月进行了修订，禁止在所有接待场所吸烟。本研究的目的是评估 2011 年西班牙禁烟令对接待场所内二手烟（SHS）暴露的影响，并分析该法律生效后，靠近入口处的室外吸烟者对室内 SHS 水平的潜在影响。
采用前后对照评估研究，重复测量。本研究在西班牙三个地区（加泰罗尼亚、加利西亚和马德里）进行，包括 178 个接待场所的随机样本。我们在基线（2010 年 11 月至 12 月）和随访（2011 年 4 月至 6 月）时测量了气相尼古丁和直径 2.5 微米或以下的颗粒物（PM2.5）作为 SHS 标志物。我们还记录了烟草消费变量，如烟头、烟灰缸和吸烟者的存在。在后测评估中，我们还记录了靠近入口处的室外吸烟者的数量。
共采集了 351 份尼古丁和 160 份 PM2.5 测量值。尼古丁和 PM2.5 浓度均下降了 90%以上（尼古丁从 5.73 降至 0.57 µg/m3，PM2.5 从 233.38 降至 18.82 µg/m3）。禁烟令生效后，靠近入口处有室外吸烟者的场所内，尼古丁和 PM2.5 浓度明显高于没有室外吸烟者的场所。所有观察到的烟草消费变量均显著下降（p<0.001）。
2011 年西班牙禁烟令实施后，接待场所内 SHS 暴露明显下降。来自靠近入口处的室外吸烟者的 SHS 似乎会飘入室内场所。吸烟控制法规应考虑室外限制，以确保对 SHS 的完全保护。
