Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont-Tonnerre, rue Colonel-Fonferrier, BP 41, 29240 Brest Armées, France.
Med Mal Infect. 2012 Nov;42(11):533-44. doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2012.10.002. Epub 2012 Oct 29.
The development of sports activities promoted as a health factor should not hide the increased risk for diseases, more particularly infections. A review of articles made over the last 20 years was made with a descriptive epidemiological purpose. The most marked risk is skin infection with methicillin-resistant community acquired Staphylococcus aureus (27.4% of the articles), followed by Tinea corporis and capitis (13.7%), and leptospirosis (11.7%). The risk of blood-borne infection seems low, and articles are rare (3.9%). The risk of disease with respiratory transmission (measles, meningococcal meningitis) must be taken into account. The effect of physical activity on the immune system depends on the type and duration of the work out: it seems to be beneficial for a workout of a moderate intensity, and deleterious for a sustained acute work out, or a period of intensive training. These periods of protection or susceptibility to infections are described as "open window" and "J curve". The only recommendations for prevention of sport-related infections arise from the frequency of skin infections and the severity of blood-borne infections. These recommendations are published by American and international sports authorities. The specificity of athletes' management is due to imperatives of competitiveness (maintaining physical performance) and the necessity of temporary eviction from sports, in case of contagiousness. The athletes must make sure their recommended vaccinations are up-to-date.
体育运动的发展作为一个健康因素得到了促进，但不应掩盖疾病风险的增加，尤其是感染。我们对过去 20 年的文章进行了回顾，目的是进行描述性流行病学研究。风险最大的是皮肤感染耐甲氧西林的社区获得性金黄色葡萄球菌（占文章的 27.4%），其次是体癣和头癣（13.7%）和钩端螺旋体病（11.7%）。血液传播感染的风险似乎较低，相关文章也很少（3.9%）。呼吸道传播疾病（麻疹、脑膜炎球菌性脑膜炎）的风险必须考虑在内。身体活动对免疫系统的影响取决于锻炼的类型和持续时间：适度的锻炼似乎是有益的，而持续的急性锻炼或密集训练则是有害的。这些感染的保护或易感性时期被描述为“开放窗口”和“J 曲线”。预防与运动相关的感染的唯一建议来自皮肤感染的频率和血液传播感染的严重程度。这些建议是由美国和国际体育当局发布的。运动员管理的特殊性是由于竞争力的需要（保持身体表现）和传染性的需要，暂时从运动中驱逐。运动员必须确保他们推荐的疫苗是最新的。
