Black Donald W, McCormick Brett, Losch Mary E, Shaw Martha, Lutz Gene, Allen Jeff
University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.
Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;24(4):279-84.
Pathological gambling (PG) is an important public health problem. We assessed the prevalence of PG and problem (at-risk) gambling in a random sample of Iowa adults and compared the results to survey data collected in 1989 and 1995. The goal of this study was to examine whether continued expansion of gambling venues is associated with increased rates of problematic gambling behavior.
A random digit dialing telephone screening was conducted in eastern Iowa of men and women age ≥18. Respondents were administered the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) to assess lifetime gambling behavior. Demographic and clinical variables were collected.
A total of 356 respondents (147 men, 209 women) completed the SOGS, and all reported lifetime gambling participation. PG (SOGS ≥5) was found in 5 (1.4%) and problem gambling (SOGS = 3, 4) in 8 (2.2%) respondents. Disordered gambling (SOGS ≥3) was found in 13 (3.6%) respondents. Risk factors for disordered gambling included age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.64 per 10-year age increase), income (OR = 0.82 per $10,000 increase), minority group status (OR = 5.75), number of lifetime gambling activities (OR = 1.27), and having ever gambled ≥$100 (OR = 13.3). Overall gambling participation was significantly less in the current sample, compared with data collected in 1995.
Recent gambling participation was less than in 1995, despite the continued expansion of gaming opportunities. Disordered gambling was associated with younger age, lower income, and minority group status. The results are consistent with Shaffer's "adaptation" hypothesis, which posits that following an initial increase in gambling participation, problematic gambling stabilizes at a lower level.
病理性赌博（PG）是一个重要的公共卫生问题。我们在爱荷华州成年人的随机样本中评估了PG及问题（有风险）赌博的患病率，并将结果与1989年和1995年收集的调查数据进行比较。本研究的目的是检验赌博场所的持续扩张是否与问题赌博行为发生率的增加相关。
在爱荷华州东部对年龄≥18岁的男性和女性进行随机数字拨号电话筛查。对受访者进行南橡树赌博筛查（SOGS）以评估终生赌博行为。收集人口统计学和临床变量。
共有356名受访者（147名男性，209名女性）完成了SOGS，所有人都报告有终生赌博经历。5名（1.4%）受访者被发现患有PG（SOGS≥5），8名（2.2%）受访者被发现有问题赌博（SOGS = 3、4）。13名（3.6%）受访者被发现有紊乱性赌博（SOGS≥3）。紊乱性赌博的风险因素包括年龄（每增加10岁优势比[OR]=0.64）、收入（每增加10,000美元OR = 0.82）、少数群体身份（OR = 5.75）、终生赌博活动次数（OR = 1.27）以及曾有过≥100美元的赌博（OR = 13.3）。与1995年收集的数据相比，当前样本中的总体赌博参与度显著降低。
尽管赌博机会持续增加，但近期的赌博参与度低于1995年。紊乱性赌博与较年轻的年龄、较低的收入和少数群体身份相关。这些结果与谢弗的“适应”假说一致，该假说认为在赌博参与度最初增加之后，问题赌博在较低水平稳定下来。
