Lorach Henri, Marre Olivier, Sahel José-Alain, Benosman Ryad, Picaud Serge
INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France.
J Physiol Paris. 2013 Nov;107(5):421-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2012.10.003. Epub 2012 Nov 10.
Blindness affects tens of million people worldwide and its prevalence constantly increases along with population aging. In some pathologies leading to vision loss, prosthetic approaches are currently the only hope for the patient to recover some visual perception. Here, we review the latest advances in visual prosthetic strategies with their respective strength and weakness. The principle is to electrically stimulate neurons along the visual pathway. Ocular approaches target the remaining retinal cells whereas brain stimulation aims at stimulating higher visual structures directly. Even though ocular approaches are less invasive and easier to implement, brain stimulation can be applied to diseases where the connection between the retina and the brain is lost such as in glaucoma and could therefore benefit to patients with different pathologies. Today, numbers of groups are investigating these strategies and the first devices start being commercialized. However, critical bottlenecks still impair our scientific efforts towards efficient visual implants. These challenges include electrode miniaturization, material optimization, multiplexing of stimulation channels and encoding of visual information into electrical stimuli.
失明影响着全球数千万人，并且随着人口老龄化，其患病率持续上升。在一些导致视力丧失的病症中，目前假体方法是患者恢复一些视觉感知的唯一希望。在此，我们回顾视觉假体策略的最新进展及其各自的优缺点。其原理是沿视觉通路电刺激神经元。眼部方法针对剩余的视网膜细胞，而脑刺激旨在直接刺激更高的视觉结构。尽管眼部方法侵入性较小且更易于实施，但脑刺激可应用于视网膜与大脑之间连接丧失的疾病，如青光眼，因此可能使患有不同病症的患者受益。如今，许多研究团队正在研究这些策略，首批设备开始商业化。然而，关键瓶颈仍然阻碍着我们在高效视觉植入物方面的科研努力。这些挑战包括电极小型化、材料优化、刺激通道的多路复用以及将视觉信息编码为电刺激。
