Department of Religion and Philosophy, Bethel College, Mishawaka, IN, USA.
Arch Sex Behav. 2013 Apr;42(3):399-412. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012-0023-7. Epub 2012 Nov 14.
This study examined attitudes about outcomes associated with childhood gender nonconformity. Participants were 518 undergraduate students (337 female; 181 male) at a midwestern university in the U.S. Participants were presented with 1 of 10 vignettes describing a target child (male or female) who varied in gendered traits, interests, and behaviors (strongly masculine, moderately masculine, neutral, moderately feminine or strongly feminine). They completed a 50-item questionnaire including demographics, predicted outcomes for the target (e.g., masculinity and femininity in adulthood, pressure to change, psychological adjustment in childhood and adulthood, and sexual orientation), and the Attitudes toward Women Scale (Spence et al., 1973). Participants thought masculine and feminine targets would be masculine and feminine in adulthood, respectively: thus, stability was expected for both sexes. Feminine targets, boys or girls, were thought to be more likely to display internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression) behaviors and masculine targets more likely to display externalizing (e.g., aggression, conduct disorders) behaviors in both childhood and adulthood. Gender-nonconforming children were expected to experience more pressure to change their behavior and less likely to be exclusively heterosexual adults, the latter particularly so for strongly feminine boys. There were few significant effects of participant sex and no effects of attitudes about gender on any of these measures. These findings add to the literature by demonstrating that degrees of masculinity and femininity as well as of gender nonconformity are expected to be associated with predictable outcomes in a linear fashion in both sexes, with only a few differences between expectations for boys and girls.
这项研究考察了与儿童性别不一致相关的结果的态度。参与者是美国中西部一所大学的 518 名本科生（337 名女性；181 名男性）。参与者被呈现了 10 个描述目标儿童（男性或女性）的情景片段之一，这些目标儿童在性别特征、兴趣和行为上有所不同（强烈男性化、中度男性化、中性、中度女性化或强烈女性化）。他们完成了一份 50 项的问卷，包括人口统计学信息、对目标的预测结果（例如，成年后的男性化和女性化、改变的压力、童年和成年期的心理调整以及性取向），以及《女性态度量表》（Spence 等人，1973 年）。参与者认为男性化和女性化的目标在成年后分别会表现出男性化和女性化：因此，两性都预计会保持稳定。无论是男孩还是女孩，女性化的目标都被认为更有可能表现出内化（例如，焦虑、抑郁）行为，而男性化的目标更有可能表现出外化（例如，攻击、行为障碍）行为，无论是在童年还是成年期。性别不一致的儿童预计会面临更多改变行为的压力，成为纯粹异性恋成年人的可能性较小，特别是对于强烈女性化的男孩来说。参与者的性别几乎没有显著影响，对性别态度也没有任何影响这些措施。这些发现通过证明在两性中，程度的男性化和女性化以及性别不一致都与可预测的结果相关，呈线性关系，只有男孩和女孩的期望之间存在一些差异，从而增加了文献。
