Duncan Steven G, Aguilar Gabrielle, Jensen Cole G, Magnusson Brianna M
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
Front Psychol. 2019 Apr 11;10:793. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00793. eCollection 2019.
Heteronormative attitudes are prevalent in the United States and may contribute to discrimination against individuals who do not conform to traditional gender roles. Understanding the attitudes of undergraduate students is of particular interest as they may represent emergent societal views toward gender non-conformity.
We conducted an online survey of Mountain West college students between the ages of 18-24 years to assess perceptions of personal gender conformity using the Traditional Masculinity-Femininity Scale (TMF), endorsement of heteronormative beliefs using the Heteronormative Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (HABS), and explicit tolerance of gender non-conformity on a seven-point Likert Scale.
The sample ( = 502) was 84% female and 78% white. Approximately 21% of respondents identified as a sexual minority and 36% identified as liberal or somewhat liberal (27% were conservative). The mean score on the TMF was 5.23 (95% CI: 5.15-5.32), indicating moderate levels of personal gender conformity. The mean HABS score was 3.31 (95% CI: 3.19-3.43), indicating relatively low endorsement of heteronormative attitudes. TMF and HABS scores were both highest in heterosexual males. Most respondents (73%) were taught traditional gender roles in their childhood home, and 89% had heard negative opinions about non-conformity. The majority (80.6%) of respondents reported that they know someone who displays non-conforming characteristics and 61% said that they associate gender non-conformity with homosexuality. Approximately, 7% reported they had bullied others for not conforming to their gender. Among heterosexuals, 13.6% reported they had been bullied for gender non-conformity as did 42.7% of LGBTQ-identified individuals. Nearly 1-in-4 (23.6%) believed that male cross-dressing is wrong. Nearly 1-in-5 (17.2%) agreed with the statement that those who dress or act like the opposite sex were more likely to be abused or neglected during their development.
Students reported relatively low endorsement of heteronormative attitudes and moderate levels of acceptance toward gender non-conforming persons. The sample may reflect shifting attitudes when compared with outside data sets.
异性恋规范态度在美国普遍存在，可能导致对不符合传统性别角色的个人的歧视。了解大学生的态度尤为重要，因为他们可能代表了社会对性别不一致的新兴观点。
我们对年龄在18至24岁之间的美国西部山区大学生进行了一项在线调查，使用传统男性气质-女性气质量表（TMF）评估个人性别一致性的认知，使用异性恋规范态度和信念量表（HABS）评估对异性恋规范信念的认同，并通过七点李克特量表评估对性别不一致的明确容忍度。
样本（n = 502）中84%为女性，78%为白人。约21%的受访者认为自己是性少数群体，36%的受访者认为自己是自由主义者或有点自由主义（27%是保守主义者）。TMF的平均得分是5.23（95%置信区间：5.15 - 5.32），表明个人性别一致性处于中等水平。HABS的平均得分是3.31（95%置信区间：3.19 - 3.43），表明对异性恋规范态度的认同相对较低。TMF和HABS得分在异性恋男性中最高。大多数受访者（73%）在童年家庭中接受过传统性别角色的教育，89%的人听说过关于不符合传统性别角色的负面看法。大多数受访者（80.6%）表示他们认识表现出不符合传统性别角色特征的人，61%的人表示他们将性别不一致与同性恋联系起来。约7%的受访者报告说他们曾因他人不符合其性别角色而欺负过他们。在异性恋者中，13.6%的人报告说他们曾因性别不一致而受到欺负，LGBTQ身份认同者中这一比例为42.7%。近四分之一（23.6%）的人认为男性穿异性服装是错误的。近五分之一（17.2%）的人同意这样一种说法，即那些穿着或行为像异性的人在成长过程中更有可能受到虐待或忽视。
学生报告对异性恋规范态度的认同相对较低，对性别不一致者的接受程度处于中等水平。与外部数据集相比，该样本可能反映了态度的转变。
