Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2013 Mar;23(2):207-14. doi: 10.1038/jes.2012.108. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
Perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) is ubiquitous in the environment and inhibits the thyroid's uptake of iodide. Food and tap water are likely sources of environmental exposure to perchlorate. The aim of this study was to identify significant dietary sources of perchlorate using perchlorate measured in urine as an exposure indicator. Sample-weighted, age-stratified linear regression models of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008 data (n=16,955 participants) characterized the association between urinary perchlorate and the mass consumed in USDA food groups, controlling for urinary creatinine and other potential confounders. Separate models of NHANES 2005-2006 data (n=2841) evaluated the association between urinary perchlorate and perchlorate consumed via residential tap water. Consumption of milk products was associated with statistically significant contributions to urinary perchlorate across all age strata: 2.93 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per kg consumed for children (6-11 years-old (YO)); 1.54 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per kg for adolescents (12-19 YO); and 0.69 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per kg for adults (20-84 YO). Vegetables were a significant contributor for adolescents and adults, whereas fruits and eggs contributed significantly only for adults. Dark-green leafy vegetables contributed the most among all age strata: 30.83 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per kg for adults. Fats, oils, and salad dressings were significant contributors only for children. Three food groups were negatively associated with urinary perchlorate: grain products for children; sugars, sweets, and beverages for adolescents; and home tap water for adults. In a separate model, however, perchlorate consumed via home tap water contributed significantly to adult urinary perchlorate: 2.11E-4 ng ClO(4)(-)/ml per ng perchlorate in tap water consumed. In a nationally representative sample of the United States 6-84 YO, diet and tap water contributed significantly to urinary perchlorate, with diet contributing substantially more than tap water.
高氯酸盐（ClO4(-)）广泛存在于环境中，会抑制甲状腺对碘的摄取。食物和自来水可能是环境中接触高氯酸盐的来源。本研究的目的是使用尿液中检测到的高氯酸盐作为暴露指标，确定高氯酸盐的主要饮食来源。采用 2001-2008 年全国健康和营养调查（NHANES）的样本加权、年龄分层线性回归模型，对尿中高氯酸盐与美国农业部食物组中消耗的高氯酸盐质量之间的关系进行了分析，控制了尿肌酐和其他潜在混杂因素。对 2005-2006 年 NHANES 数据（n=2841）的单独模型评估了尿中高氯酸盐与通过住宅自来水摄入的高氯酸盐之间的关系。乳制品的消耗与所有年龄组的尿高氯酸盐呈显著正相关：儿童（6-11 岁）为每公斤消耗 2.93ng ClO4(-)/ml；青少年（12-19 岁）为 1.54ng ClO4(-)/ml/kg；成年人（20-84 岁）为 0.69ng ClO4(-)/ml/kg。蔬菜是青少年和成年人的重要贡献者，而水果和鸡蛋仅对成年人有显著贡献。深绿叶蔬菜在所有年龄组中的贡献最大：成年人 30.83ng ClO4(-)/ml/kg。脂肪、油和沙拉酱仅对儿童有重要贡献。谷物产品对儿童、糖、甜食和饮料对青少年以及家庭自来水对成年人与尿高氯酸盐呈负相关。然而，在另一个模型中，家庭自来水中摄入的高氯酸盐对成年人尿高氯酸盐有显著贡献：自来水中每增加 1ng 高氯酸盐，尿中高氯酸盐就增加 2.11E-4ng/ml。在美国 6-84 岁的具有代表性的样本中，饮食和自来水对尿高氯酸盐的贡献显著，饮食的贡献大大超过自来水。
