Nagao Soichi
Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN Brain Science Institute.
Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2012;52(11):994-6. doi: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.52.994.
Most of our motor skills are acquired through learning. Experiments of gain adaptation of ocular reflexes have consistently suggested that the memory of adaptation is initially formed in the cerebellar cortex, and is transferred to the cerebellar (vestibular) nuclei for consolidation to long-term memory after repetitions of training. We have recently developed a new system to evaluate the motor learning in human subjects using prism adaptation of hand reaching movement, by referring to the prism adaptation of dart throwing of Martin et al. (1996). In our system, the subject views the small target presented in the touch-panel screen, and touches it with his/her finger without direct visual feedback. After 15-30 trials of touching wearing prisms, an adaptation occurs in healthy subjects: they became able to touch the target correctly. Meanwhile, such an adaptation was impaired in patients of cerebellar disease. We have proposed a model of human prism adaptation that the memory of adaptation is initially encoded in the cerebellar cortex, and is later transferred to the cerebellar nuclei after repetitions of training. The memory in the cerebellar cortex may be formed and extinguished independently of the memory maintained in the cerebellar nuclei, and these two memories work cooperatively.
我们的大多数运动技能是通过学习获得的。眼反射增益适应实验一直表明，适应记忆最初在小脑皮质形成，并在重复训练后转移到小脑（前庭）核进行巩固，形成长期记忆。我们最近开发了一种新系统，通过参考Martin等人（1996年）的飞镖投掷棱镜适应实验，利用手部伸展运动的棱镜适应来评估人类受试者的运动学习。在我们的系统中，受试者观看触摸面板屏幕上呈现的小目标，并用手指触摸它，而没有直接的视觉反馈。在佩戴棱镜进行15 - 30次触摸试验后，健康受试者会出现适应现象：他们能够正确触摸目标。与此同时，小脑疾病患者的这种适应能力受损。我们提出了一种人类棱镜适应模型，即适应记忆最初在小脑皮质编码，经过重复训练后随后转移到小脑核。小脑皮质中的记忆可能独立于小脑核中维持的记忆形成和消退，并且这两种记忆协同工作。
