Department of Biology and Biomolecular Science Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
Genome. 2012 Nov;55(11):735-53. doi: 10.1139/g2012-061. Epub 2012 Oct 25.
The family Pinaceae is made up mostly of diploid species (2n = 24). Systematization of karyotype analysis was developed to make comparison of intra- and interspecific karyotypes among the Pinaceae more accurate and reliable. Considering all parameters, the genera Pseudotsuga and Pseudolarix have the "most derived" (or advanced) and asymmetric karyotypes in the Pinaceae, followed by Larix, Picea, Abies, and Cedrus. The genus Pinus was the "least derived" (or ancestral) of all the genera of the Pinaceae analyzed. Differences in karyotype formulae and asymmetry indices were found among species within the same genera, suggesting that structural changes may have contributed to the diversification of the genus. This review is a detailed analysis of comparative karyotyping based on similar parameters, including numeric data and cytogenetic information. Telomeric sequence repeats and rDNA distribution in the Pinaceae were surveyed. The role of transposition in rDNA chromosome distribution is analyzed. Cytogenetic implications of hybridization between related species are reported. Likewise, the relationships between molecular phylogenetic and karyotype evolution is discussed in light of several reports. Within many genera, chromosomal organization was conserved despite independent molecular divergence and adaptation through the evolutionary history of the species of the Pinaceae.
松科主要由二倍体物种组成（2n = 24）。核型分析的系统发生为松科内和种间的核型比较提供了更准确和可靠的方法。考虑到所有参数，罗汉松属和金钱松属在松科中具有“最衍生的”（或先进的）和不对称核型，其次是落叶松属、云杉属、冷杉属和雪松属。在分析的所有松科属中，松属是“最不衍生的”（或原始的）。在同一属内的物种中发现了核型公式和不对称指数的差异，这表明结构变化可能促进了属的多样化。这篇综述是基于相似参数的比较核型学的详细分析，包括数值数据和细胞遗传学信息。调查了松科中端粒序列重复和 rDNA 的分布。分析了转座子在 rDNA 染色体分布中的作用。报道了相关物种杂交的细胞遗传学意义。同样，根据几份报告，讨论了分子系统发育和核型进化之间的关系。在许多属中，尽管通过松科物种的进化历史发生了独立的分子进化和适应，但染色体组织仍然保持保守。
