Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, NO-9010 Tromsø, Norway.
Host Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
Vet Microbiol. 2013 Mar 23;162(2-4):499-506. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.039. Epub 2012 Nov 12.
Contagious ecthyma (contagious pustular dermatitis, orf) occurs world-wide in sheep and goats and is caused by orf virus (genus Parapoxvirus, family Poxviridae). Contagious ecthyma outbreaks have been described in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Sweden, Finland and Norway, occasionally with high mortality. Fourteen one-year-old reindeer were corralled in mid-April. One week after arrival, two animals received a commercial live orf virus vaccine for sheep (Scabivax(®)) on scarified skin of the medial thigh. Four weeks later, the two vaccinated and six additional animals were inoculated in scarified oral mucosa with parapoxvirus obtained from reindeer with clinical contagious ecthyma. The remaining six reindeer were kept as sentinels, sharing feed and water with the inoculated animals. A small whitish lesion appeared on the inoculation site and the labial skin-mucosa junction of three animals five days post inoculation (p.i.). Twelve days p.i., typical ecthyma lesions were visible on the inoculation site in six of eight animals, including both vaccinees. Four inoculated animals (including both vaccinees) and one sentinel seroconverted 12 days p.i., and five animals (including one sentinel) seroconverted 20 days p.i. No contagious ecthyma-like lesions were detected in the sentinels. All animals were euthanized at 26-29 days p.i. Histological examination of lesions showed proliferative dermatitis with epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, intra-epithelial pustules and ulcers. Orf virus DNA was detected in mandibular lymph nodes, tonsils and mucosal lesions of four animals, including one sentinel, which showed that virus transmission took place. The commercial orf virus vaccine may be difficult to administer due to the need for close-cropping and its zoonotic nature, and did not indicate significant protection, although the latter has to be verified with a larger number of animals.
接触传染性脓疱性皮炎（传染性脓疱性皮炎，羊痘）在世界范围内发生于绵羊和山羊，由羊痘病毒（副痘病毒属，痘病毒科）引起。在瑞典、芬兰和挪威的半驯化驯鹿（Rangifer tarandus tarandus）中曾描述过接触传染性脓疱性皮炎暴发，偶尔会有高死亡率。14 头一岁龄的驯鹿于 4 月中旬被围捕。到达一周后，有两头动物在大腿内侧的擦伤皮肤上用市售的绵羊用活羊痘病毒疫苗（Scabivax（®））进行了接种。四周后，接种疫苗的两头动物和另外六头动物在口腔黏膜的擦伤处接种了从临床接触传染性脓疱性皮炎的驯鹿获得的副痘病毒。其余六头驯鹿作为哨兵保留下来，与接种动物共享饲料和水。接种后五天，有三头动物在接种部位出现了小白点，唇部皮肤-黏膜交界处也出现了类似的病变。接种后 12 天，八头动物中有六头在接种部位出现了典型的羊痘病变，包括两头疫苗接种动物。接种后 12 天，有四只接种动物（包括两头疫苗接种动物）和一只哨兵血清转化，20 天时有五只动物（包括一只哨兵）血清转化。在哨兵动物中未检测到接触传染性脓疱样病变。所有动物在接种后 26-29 天被安乐死。病变的组织学检查显示，增生性皮炎伴表皮过度增生、角化过度、上皮内脓疱和溃疡。在四只动物（包括一只哨兵）的下颌淋巴结、扁桃体和黏膜病变中检测到羊痘病毒 DNA，这表明病毒发生了传播。由于需要密剪和人畜共患的性质，市售的羊痘病毒疫苗可能难以使用，并且虽然需要用更多的动物来验证，但它并没有表明有显著的保护作用。
