Tryland Morten, Beckmen Kimberlee Beth, Burek-Huntington Kathleen Ann, Breines Eva Marie, Klein Joern
Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Infection Biology, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Framstredet 39, 9019, Tromsø, Norway.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK, 99701, USA.
Acta Vet Scand. 2018 Feb 21;60(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s13028-018-0366-8.
The zoonotic Orf virus (ORFV; genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family) occurs worldwide and is transmitted between sheep and goats, wildlife and man. Archived tissue samples from 16 Alaskan wildlife cases, representing mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, n = 8), Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli, n = 3), muskox (Ovibos moschatus, n = 3), Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis, n = 1) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti, n = 1), were analyzed.
Clinical signs and pathology were most severe in mountain goats, affecting most mucocutaneous regions, including palpebrae, nares, lips, anus, prepuce or vulva, as well as coronary bands. The proliferative masses were solid and nodular, covered by dark friable crusts. For Dall's sheep lambs and juveniles, the gross lesions were similar to those of mountain goats, but not as extensive. The muskoxen displayed ulcerative lesions on the legs. The caribou had two ulcerative lesions on the upper lip, as well as lesions on the distal part of the legs, around the main and dew claws. A large hairless spherical mass, with the characteristics of a fibroma, was sampled from a Sitka black-tailed deer, which did not show proliferative lesions typical of an ORFV infection. Polymerase chain reaction analyses for B2L, GIF, vIL-10 and ATI demonstrated ORFV specific DNA in all cases. Sequences from Dall's sheep formed a separate cluster, comparable to ORFV from domestic sheep. Sequences from the other species were different from the Dall's sheep sequences, but almost identical to each other.
This is the first major investigation of parapoxvirus infections in large Alaskan game species, and the first report of parapoxvirus infection in caribou and Sitka black-tailed deer. This study shows that most of the wild ruminant species in Alaska and from most parts of Alaska, can carry and be affected by ORFV. These findings call for attention to transmission of ORFV from wildlife to livestock and to hunters, subsistence harvesters, and wildlife biologists.
人畜共患的羊口疮病毒（ORFV；副痘病毒属，痘病毒科）在全球范围内存在，可在绵羊和山羊、野生动物与人之间传播。对来自16例阿拉斯加野生动物病例的存档组织样本进行了分析，这些病例包括北美野山羊（美洲野山羊，n = 8）、多尔大角羊（多尔氏盘羊，n = 3）、麝牛（麝牛属，n = 3）、锡特卡黑尾鹿（北美黑尾鹿锡特卡亚种，n = 1）和驯鹿（格兰特驯鹿，n = 1）。
北美野山羊的临床症状和病理变化最为严重，影响大多数黏膜皮肤区域，包括眼睑、鼻孔、嘴唇、肛门、包皮或外阴，以及冠状带。增生性肿块坚实且呈结节状，表面覆盖着深色易碎的痂皮。对于多尔大角羊的羔羊和幼崽，肉眼病变与北美野山羊相似，但范围没那么广泛。麝牛的腿部出现溃疡性病变。驯鹿的上唇有两处溃疡性病变，腿部远端、主蹄和副蹄周围也有病变。从一只锡特卡黑尾鹿身上采集到一个具有纤维瘤特征的无毛大球形肿块，该鹿未表现出典型的ORFV感染增生性病变。对B2L、GIF、vIL - 10和ATI进行的聚合酶链反应分析表明，所有病例中均存在ORFV特异性DNA。多尔大角羊的序列形成一个单独的簇，与家绵羊的ORFV相似。其他物种的序列与多尔大角羊的序列不同，但彼此几乎相同。
这是对阿拉斯加大型猎物物种副痘病毒感染的首次重大调查，也是驯鹿和锡特卡黑尾鹿副痘病毒感染的首次报告。这项研究表明，阿拉斯加的大多数野生反刍动物物种以及阿拉斯加大部分地区的此类物种，都能携带ORFV并受其影响。这些发现提醒人们注意ORFV从野生动物向家畜以及向猎人、自给性捕猎者和野生动物生物学家的传播。
