Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.
Memory. 2013;21(6):657-67. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.747613. Epub 2012 Dec 4.
Names are more difficult to remember than other personal information such as occupations. The current research examined the influence of assigned point value on memory and metamemory judgements for names and occupations to determine whether incentive can improve recall of proper names. In Experiment 1 participants studied face-name and face-occupation pairs assigned 1 or 10 points, made judgements of learning, and were given a cued recall test. High-value names were recalled more often than low-value names. However, recall of occupations was not influenced by value. In Experiment 2 meaningless nonwords were used for both names and occupations. The name difficulty disappeared, and value influenced recall of both names and occupations. Thus value similarly influenced names and occupations when meaningfulness was held constant. In Experiment 3 participants were required to use overt rote rehearsal for all items. Value did not boost recall of high-value names, suggesting that differential processing could not be implemented to improve memory. Thus incentives may improve memory for proper names by motivating people to engage in selective rehearsal and effortful elaborative processing.
名字比其他个人信息（如职业）更难记住。本研究考察了分配分数值对名字和职业的记忆和元记忆判断的影响，以确定激励是否能提高对人名的回忆。在实验 1 中，参与者学习了被分配 1 分或 10 分的人脸-名字和人脸-职业对，并做出学习判断，然后进行线索回忆测试。高价值的名字比低价值的名字被回忆的频率更高。然而，职业的回忆不受价值影响。在实验 2 中，名字和职业都使用了无意义的非单词。名字的难度消失了，而价值影响了名字和职业的回忆。因此，当保持意义不变时，价值对名字和职业的影响相似。在实验 3 中，要求参与者对所有项目都进行明显的机械重复。价值并没有提高高价值名字的回忆，这表明不能通过不同的处理来提高记忆。因此，激励措施可以通过激励人们进行选择性复述和费力的详细处理来提高对人名的记忆。
