Bownik A, Rymuszka A, Sierosławska A, Skowroński T
Department of Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Biotechnology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
Pol J Vet Sci. 2012;15(3):531-5. doi: 10.2478/v10181-012-0082-7.
Cyanobacteria (Cyanophyta, Cyanoprocaryota, Cyanobacteria) (blue-green algae) are procaryotic phototrophic microorganisms playing an important ecological role in the freshwater and marine environment as primary producers. However, as a consequence of water eutrophication observed in many reservoirs in different parts of the world, these microorganisms form massive scums, known as water blooms, releasing cyanotoxins hazardous to fish and other aquatic organisms. Cyanotoxins are cyanobacterial secondary metabolites of various chemical structures harmful to humans, terrestial and aquatic animals such as fish. The most abundant cyanotoxins are microcystins and hepatotoxins inducing toxic changes in fish liver, kidney, gills, digestive tract and immune system. Very little is known on the effects of alkaloid neurotoxic anatoxin-a on fish and their immunity. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro influence of anatoxin-a on immune cells isolated from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The leukocyte intracellular level of ATP was reduced only at the highest concentration of anatoxin-a. Apoptotic and necrotic leukocytes were observed at the lower and the highest concentrations of anatoxin-a, respectively. Elevated activity of caspases 3/7 after 2 hours and a concentration-dependent decrease in the proliferative ability of T and B lymphocytes was also observed. The results suggest that anatoxin-a could be a possible immunotoxic agent in the aquatic environment and may increase the susceptibility of fish to infectious and neoplastic diseases. Therefore, constant monitoring of anatoxin-a and its producers in lakes and fish ponds should be performed.
蓝细菌（蓝藻门、蓝原核生物、蓝细菌）（蓝绿藻）是原核光合微生物，作为初级生产者在淡水和海洋环境中发挥着重要的生态作用。然而，由于在世界不同地区的许多水库中观察到水体富营养化，这些微生物会形成大量浮沫，即所谓的水华，释放出对鱼类和其他水生生物有害的蓝藻毒素。蓝藻毒素是蓝细菌产生的具有各种化学结构的次生代谢产物，对人类、陆生和水生动物（如鱼类）有害。最常见的蓝藻毒素是微囊藻毒素和肝毒素，它们会在鱼类的肝脏、肾脏、鳃、消化道和免疫系统中引发毒性变化。关于生物碱神经毒素anatoxin-a对鱼类及其免疫力的影响，人们所知甚少。本研究的目的是评估anatoxin-a对从鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio L.）分离出的免疫细胞的体外影响。仅在anatoxin-a的最高浓度下，白细胞内的ATP水平才会降低。在anatoxin-a的较低和最高浓度下，分别观察到了凋亡和坏死的白细胞。2小时后还观察到半胱天冬酶3/7的活性升高，以及T和B淋巴细胞增殖能力的浓度依赖性下降。结果表明，anatoxin-a可能是水生环境中的一种潜在免疫毒素，可能会增加鱼类对传染病和肿瘤疾病的易感性。因此，应对湖泊和鱼塘中的anatoxin-a及其产生菌进行持续监测。
