Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.
Environ Manage. 2013 Apr;51(4):862-73. doi: 10.1007/s00267-012-9988-1. Epub 2012 Dec 7.
Continuing pressures from human activities have harmed the health of ocean ecosystems, particularly those near the coast. Current management practices that operate on one sector at a time have not resulted in healthy oceans that can sustainably provide the ecosystem services humans want and need. Now, adoption of ecosystem-based management (EBM) and coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP) as foundational principles for ocean management in the United States should result in a more holistic approach. Recent marine biogeographical studies and benthic habitat mapping using satellite imagery, large-scale monitoring programs, ocean observation systems, acoustic and video techniques, landscape ecology, geographic information systems, integrated databases, and ecological modeling provide information that can support EBM, make CMSP ecologically meaningful, and contribute to planning for marine biodiversity conservation. Examples from coastal waters along the northeast coast of the United States from Delaware Bay to Passamaquoddy Bay, Maine, illustrate how benthic biogeography and bottom seascape diversity information is a useful lens through which to view EBM and CMSP in nearshore waters. The focus is on benthic communities, which are widely used in monitoring programs and are sensitive to many stresses from human activities.
人类活动的持续压力已经损害了海洋生态系统的健康，尤其是那些靠近海岸的生态系统。目前的管理实践一次只针对一个部门进行运作，并没有产生能够可持续地提供人类想要和需要的生态系统服务的健康海洋。现在，在美国，采用基于生态系统的管理（EBM）和沿海及海洋空间规划（CMSP）作为海洋管理的基础原则，应该会带来更全面的方法。最近的海洋生物地理学研究和使用卫星图像的海底生境制图、大规模监测计划、海洋观测系统、声学和视频技术、景观生态学、地理信息系统、综合数据库和生态模型提供的信息，可以支持 EBM，使 CMSP 在生态上具有意义，并有助于规划海洋生物多样性保护。美国东北部沿海地区从特拉华湾到缅因州的帕萨马奎迪湾的沿海水域的例子说明了海底生物地理学和海底景观多样性信息如何成为一个有用的视角，通过它可以看待近岸水域的 EBM 和 CMSP。重点是海底群落，它们广泛应用于监测计划中，并且对人类活动的许多压力敏感。
