College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
Environ Manage. 2013 Apr;51(4):874-81. doi: 10.1007/s00267-012-9992-5. Epub 2012 Dec 11.
Eco-compensation is a multi-disciplinary topic. There is no consensus on the issue of river eco-compensation across districts. Although policies regarding river eco-compensation have been issued in China since 2008, due to the high cost, eco-compensation has not been well implemented in the Taihu pilot region. Therefore, a simplified method based solely on water quality (both water quality and water volume included in the Taihu method) was proposed for North Jiangsu province (NJP). However, the formula was flawed and it led to payments being too low. Three problems need to be solved: (1) how to specify the eco-compensation areas; (2) how to test a reasonable eco-compensation model and (3) how to determine the compensation criterion. Solving these issues is already a priority. In this paper, three potential solutions surrounding eco-compensation are discussed: (1) three principles for selecting the representative eco-compensation areas are suggested; (2) the compensation calculation method based on contaminant flux above the ultra standard is revised and (3) a compensation criterion model based on the treatment costs of sewage is proposed. In the NJP case in 2009, the average eco-compensation criterion for chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 2,000 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per ton and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and total phosphorus (TP) are 8,000 CNY and 80,000 CNY per ton, respectively. Five districts needed to be compensated. The payments in the revised scheme were 4.15-586 million CNY, which were 16-48 times greater than that in the draft method. The new method can provide an important template for managers when drafting river eco-compensation schemes.
生态补偿是一个多学科的课题。对于流域生态补偿的问题，不同地区尚未达成共识。尽管中国自 2008 年以来就出台了有关河流生态补偿的政策，但由于成本高昂，太湖试验区的生态补偿工作并未得到很好的实施。因此，针对苏北地区（NJP）提出了一种简化方法，该方法仅基于水质（包括太湖方法中的水质和水量）。然而，该公式存在缺陷，导致支付金额过低。需要解决三个问题：（1）如何指定生态补偿区域；（2）如何测试合理的生态补偿模型，以及（3）如何确定补偿标准。解决这些问题已经迫在眉睫。本文讨论了围绕生态补偿的三个潜在解决方案：（1）建议了选择有代表性的生态补偿区域的三个原则；（2）修订了基于超标污染物通量的补偿计算方法；（3）提出了基于污水处理成本的补偿标准模型。在 2009 年的 NJP 案例中，化学需氧量（COD）的平均生态补偿标准为 2000 元/吨，氨氮（NH4-N）和总磷（TP）分别为 8000 元和 80000 元/吨，共需补偿五个区。修订后的方案支付金额为 4150 万至 5860 万元人民币，是草案方法的 16 至 48 倍。新方法可为管理者在制定河流生态补偿方案时提供重要模板。
