Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013 Jan 1;5(1):a008334. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008334.
Much of the mammalian skeleton is composed of bones that originate from cartilage templates through endochondral ossification. Elucidating the mechanisms that control endochondral bone development is critical for understanding human skeletal diseases, injury response, and aging. Mouse genetic studies in the past 15 years have provided unprecedented insights about molecules regulating chondrocyte formation, chondrocyte maturation, and osteoblast differentiation, all key processes of endochondral bone development. These include the roles of the secreted proteins IHH, PTHrP, BMPs, WNTs, and FGFs, their receptors, and transcription factors such as SOX9, RUNX2, and OSX, in regulating chondrocyte and osteoblast biology. This review aims to integrate the known functions of extracellular signals and transcription factors that regulate development of the endochondral skeleton.
哺乳动物的大部分骨骼是由软骨模板通过软骨内骨化形成的。阐明控制软骨内骨发育的机制对于理解人类骨骼疾病、损伤反应和衰老至关重要。过去 15 年的小鼠遗传学研究为调节软骨细胞形成、软骨细胞成熟和成骨细胞分化的分子提供了前所未有的见解，这些都是软骨内骨发育的关键过程。这些分子包括分泌蛋白 IHH、PTHrP、BMPs、WNTs 和 FGFs 及其受体，以及转录因子 SOX9、RUNX2 和 OSX 等，它们在调节软骨细胞和成骨细胞生物学方面发挥着重要作用。本综述旨在整合已知的调节软骨内骨骼发育的细胞外信号和转录因子的功能。
