Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, USA.
J Anim Sci. 2013 Feb;91(2):935-42. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-5190. Epub 2013 Jan 3.
The objectives of this study were to determine i) the effect of castration, dehorning, or both on the physiology and behavior of 3-mo-old Holstein calves, and ii) the effectiveness of pain relief to alleviate the pain caused by castration and/or dehorning. Holstein calves (n = 80) were assigned randomly to 1 of 8 treatments (10 calves/treatment): i) control handling (SHAM); ii) surgical castration (CAS); iii) dehorning (DH); iv) surgical castration and dehorning (CD); v) control handling plus pain relief (ANA); vi) surgical castration plus pain relief (CAS+A); vii) dehorning plus pain relief (DH+A); or viii) surgical castration and dehorning plus pain relief (CD+A). Pain relief consisted of administering local anesthetic and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) immediately before castration, dehorning, or both. Sequential blood samples were collected to measure leukocyte counts and cortisol concentrations. Behavior was recorded using 5-min scan samples during the first 3 h after application of the treatments. Calves were weighed before and 24 h after treatment application. Calves dehorned spent more time head shaking (p < 0.001) and ear flicking (p < 0.05), and CD calves spent more time ear flicking (p < 0.05) and foot stamping (p < 0.01) than SHAM handled calves. Calves castrated, dehorned, or both spent less (p < 0.01) time eating compared with sham handled calves. Giving calves pain relief before castration and/or dehorning increased (p < 0.05) the time spent eating compared with CAS, DH, and CD calves. At 6 h posttreatment, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was greater (p < 0.01) in castrated and/or dehorned calves compared with SHAM-handled calves. Castration and/or dehorning also increased (p < 0.05) cortisol concentrations for at least 4 h after these procedures were performed; however, administering pain relief before castration and/or dehorning markedly reduced (p < 0.05) this response. Behavioral and physiological changes caused by castration, dehorning, or both are indicative of calves experiencing pain for at least 4 h after application of these procedures, and these responses were additive when performed together. Therefore, providing calves with pain relief, in the form of local anesthetic and an NSAID, can markedly reduce both the behavioral and physiological response to these procedures.
i）确定去势、去角或两者结合对 3 月龄荷斯坦小牛的生理和行为的影响，以及 ii）确定缓解疼痛的有效性，以减轻去势和/或去角引起的疼痛。将 80 头荷斯坦小牛（n = 80）随机分配到 8 种处理中的 1 种（10 头/处理）：i）对照处理（SHAM）；ii）手术去势（CAS）；iii）去角（DH）；iv）手术去势和去角（CD）；v）对照处理加止痛（ANA）；vi）手术去势加止痛（CAS+A）；vii）去角加止痛（DH+A）或 viii）手术去势和去角加止痛（CD+A）。疼痛缓解包括在去势、去角或两者之前立即给予局部麻醉剂和非甾体抗炎药（NSAID）。采集连续血样，以测量白细胞计数和皮质醇浓度。在应用这些处理后的头 3 小时内，使用 5 分钟扫描样本记录行为。在处理前和处理后 24 小时给小牛称重。去角的小牛摇头（p < 0.001）和甩耳（p < 0.05）的时间更长，CD 小牛甩耳（p < 0.05）和跺脚（p < 0.01）的时间更长SHAM 处理的小牛。与 SHAM 处理的小牛相比，去势、去角或两者都减少了（p < 0.01）进食时间。在去势和/或去角前给小牛止痛可增加（p < 0.05）与 CAS、DH 和 CD 小牛相比，进食时间。在治疗后 6 小时，与 SHAM 处理的小牛相比，去势和/或去角的小牛中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比值更高（p < 0.01）。去势和/或去角还增加了（p < 0.05）至少 4 小时皮质醇浓度；然而，在去势和/或去角前给予止痛可显著降低（p < 0.05）这种反应。去势、去角或两者结合引起的行为和生理变化表明小牛在这些程序应用后至少 4 小时内会感到疼痛，并且当这些程序一起进行时，这些反应是相加的。因此，以局部麻醉剂和 NSAID 的形式为小牛提供止痛，可以显著减轻这些程序的行为和生理反应。
