Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Calle Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2013 Feb 1;444:451-65. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.057. Epub 2012 Dec 31.
The occurrence of sixty pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), twenty metabolites and eight personal care products (PCPs) in the aquatic environment in Spain and their predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) were calculated and compared with measured environmental concentrations (MECs) obtained from relevant published research. The occurrence in the aquatic environment was calculated through a mass balance approach considering the following: the number of pharmaceutical prescriptions issued, the amount of pharmaceutical discharged without consumption, consumption, self-medication, pharmacokinetics, treatment in wastewater facilities and discharged to aquatic environment. The estimation of consumption of active compounds of pharmaceuticals was conducted by at least one of the following methodologies: number of commercial packages sold, data for the number of defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD), and pattern of treatment. Comparison of these methodologies for some compounds showed similar estimated consumption ranges. The highest pharmaceutical occurrence in the aquatic environment was for acetaminophen glucuronide, Galaxolide®, Iso-E-super®, acetaminophen, valsartan, amoxicillin, 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen, iopromide, omeprazole, carbamazepine 10, 11-epoxide, iopamidol, salicylic β-d-O-glucuronide acid, Tonalide®, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), clarithromycin and iohexol, with releases between 5 and 600 ty(-1). The relation of PEC/MEC was calculated for 58% of the compounds under study, and 64.7% of them had PEC/MEC ratios between 0.5 and 2. PEC values were mostly overestimated (57.4%). The predicted concentrations for pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) that had a high occurrence in the aquatic environment were very close to the measured concentrations. This research provides information that had not been calculated and analyzed previously, at least for Spain. Estimation of the PECs for pharmaceutical, personal care products and metabolites is a useful tool for identifying compounds that should be considered for environmental concern, and such estimations could be used to improve environmental risk assessment studies.
在西班牙的水环境中，共检测到 60 种药物活性化合物（PhACs）、20 种代谢物和 8 种个人护理产品（PCPs），并计算了其预测环境浓度（PEC），同时与相关已发表研究中获得的实测环境浓度（MEC）进行了比较。通过考虑以下因素的质量平衡方法计算了这些化合物在水环境中的出现情况：开出的药物处方数量、未经消耗而排放的药物量、消耗量、自我用药、药代动力学、在废水处理设施中的处理以及排放到水环境中的量。通过以下至少一种方法对活性药物化合物的消耗量进行了估计：销售的商业包装数量、每 1000 名居民每天规定日剂量（DHD）的数据，以及治疗模式。对于某些化合物，这些方法的比较表明消耗量的估计范围相似。在水环境中，药物出现率最高的是对乙酰氨基酚葡糖苷酸、Galaxolide®、Iso-E-super®、对乙酰氨基酚、缬沙坦、阿莫西林、2-羟基布洛芬、碘普罗胺、奥美拉唑、卡马西平 10,11-环氧化物、iopamidol、水杨 β-D-O-葡糖苷酸、Tonalide®、乙酰水杨酸（ASA）、克拉霉素和碘海醇，释放量在 5 到 600 吨/年之间。对研究中 58%的化合物计算了 PEC/MEC 比值，其中 64.7%的化合物的 PEC/MEC 比值在 0.5 到 2 之间。PEC 值大多被高估（57.4%）。在水环境中高出现率的药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）的预测浓度与实测浓度非常接近。本研究提供了之前至少在西班牙尚未计算和分析过的信息。药物、个人护理产品和代谢物 PEC 的估计是识别应引起环境关注的化合物的有用工具，此类估计可用于改进环境风险评估研究。
