Li Weimin, Laishram Rakesh S, Anderson Richard A
University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Adv Biol Regul. 2013 Jan;53(1):64-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.10.004. Epub 2012 Oct 13.
The mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) modulates message stability, transport, intracellular location and translation. We have discovered a novel nuclear poly(A) polymerase termed Star-PAP (nuclear speckle targeted PIPKIα regulated-poly(A) polymerase) that couples with the transcriptional machinery and is regulated by the phosphoinositide lipid messenger phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P(2)), the central lipid in phosphoinositide signaling. PI4,5P(2) is generated primarily by type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKI). Phosphoinositides are present in the nucleus including at nuclear speckles compartments separate from known membrane structures. PIPKs regulate cellular functions by interacting with PI4,5P(2) effectors where PIPKs generate PI4,5P(2) that then modulates the activity of the associated effectors. Nuclear PIPKIα interacts with and regulates Star-PAP, and PI4,5P(2) specifically activates Star-PAP in a gene- and signaling-dependent manner. Importantly, other select signaling molecules integrated into the Star-PAP complex seem to regulate Star-PAP activities and processivities toward RNA substrates, and unique sequence elements around the Star-PAP binding sites within the 3'-UTR of target genes contribute to Star-PAP specificity for processing. Therefore, Star-PAP and its regulatory molecules form a signaling nexus at the 3'-end of target mRNAs to control the expression of select group of genes including the ones involved in stress responses.
信使核糖核酸(mRNA)的3'-非翻译区(3'-UTR)可调节信息稳定性、转运、细胞内定位及翻译过程。我们发现了一种新型的核聚腺苷酸聚合酶,称为Star-PAP(靶向核斑的磷脂酰肌醇-4磷酸5激酶α调节的聚腺苷酸聚合酶),它与转录机制相结合,并受磷脂酰肌醇脂质信使磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸(PI4,5P₂)调控,PI4,5P₂是磷脂酰肌醇信号传导中的核心脂质。PI4,5P₂主要由I型磷脂酰肌醇磷酸激酶(PIPKI)产生。磷脂酰肌醇存在于细胞核中,包括在与已知膜结构分开的核斑区室中。PIPK通过与PI4,5P₂效应器相互作用来调节细胞功能,PIPK产生PI4,5P₂,然后调节相关效应器的活性。核PIPKIα与Star-PAP相互作用并对其进行调节,PI4,5P₂以基因和信号依赖的方式特异性激活Star-PAP。重要的是,整合到Star-PAP复合物中的其他特定信号分子似乎调节Star-PAP对RNA底物的活性和持续合成能力,并且靶基因3'-UTR内Star-PAP结合位点周围的独特序列元件有助于Star-PAP加工的特异性。因此,Star-PAP及其调节分子在靶mRNA的3'-末端形成一个信号连接点,以控制包括参与应激反应的基因在内的特定基因群的表达。