Dobratz M C
Los Angeles Visiting Nurses' Association, Inc., CA.
Cancer Nurs. 1990 Apr;13(2):116-22.
The specialty of hospice nursing calls for a highly skilled and knowledgeable practitioner. Four categories emerge to define and describe a specialist in hospice/palliative care nursing as one who practices: (a) intensive "caring"--the management of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual problems of dying persons and their families; (b) collaborative sharing--the coordinated and collaborated efforts of the extended and expanded components of hospice care services; (c) continuous knowing--the acquisition of the counseling, managing, instructing, "caring," and communicating skills/knowledge required for the specialty of hospice nursing; and (d) continuous giving--the balance of the hospice nurse's own self-care needs with the complexities and intensities of death and dying. To provide skilled, competent hospice nursing, two levels of hospice education are proposed, and descriptions are given for (a) the "hospice nurse certified (HNC)" who delivers competent, expert, and continuous patient/family care; and (c) the "hospice nurse advanced (HNA)" who provides educational needs and administers hospice care programs. Within the expanded and extended components of hospice care, the nurse works with an interdisciplinary team to provide care that is humanistic and supportive, and that is continuous and comprehensive.
临终关怀护理专业需要技术精湛且知识渊博的从业者。有四类特质可以定义和描述临终关怀/姑息治疗护理专家，即从事以下工作的人员：（a）深度“关怀”——管理临终患者及其家属的身体、心理、社会和精神问题；（b）协作共享——临终关怀服务各扩展和延伸部分的协调与合作努力；（c）持续求知——获取临终关怀护理专业所需的咨询、管理、指导、“关怀”及沟通技能/知识；（d）持续付出——在临终关怀护士自身的自我护理需求与死亡和临终的复杂性及强度之间取得平衡。为提供专业、称职的临终关怀护理，建议开展两个层次的临终关怀教育，并对（a）提供称职、专业且持续的患者/家属护理的“临终关怀认证护士（HNC）”，以及（c）满足教育需求并管理临终关怀护理项目的“高级临终关怀护士（HNA）”进行了描述。在临终关怀服务的扩展和延伸部分，护士与跨学科团队合作，提供人文且支持性的、持续且全面的护理。
