Rana Abdul Qayyum, Masroor Mohamed Sufian, Khan Atif Saeed
Parkinson's Clinic of Eastern Toronto & Movement Disorders Center, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Neurol Res. 2013 Jan;35(1):1-6. doi: 10.1179/1743132812Y.0000000118.
In addition to the classic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), some patients suffer from a variety of non-motor symptoms. Cognitive deficits such as impairments to learning and memory have been noted in PD and pose a clinical concern. However, during early stages of the disease these deficits may be subtle and difficult to diagnose. To date, various methodologies have been used to identify and diagnose these impairments in PD; imaging studies, animal models, and computer simulated learning paradigms being the most popular. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method in studying cognitive deficits associated with PD.
Imaging studies, including PET and magnetic resonance imaging scans, are useful when studying neural correlates of cognitive tasks. In contrast, toxin-induced and transgenic animal models are well suited for modelling physiological and behavioural conditions observed in humans. Computer simulated learning paradigms are used to analyze cognitive functioning when one engages in a cognitive task.
Based on the level of impairment being studied (i.e. neurobiological, behavioural, cognitive basis, or a combination thereof), the use of these methodologies, individually or in conjunction, is imperative when establishing a complete model of PD and its effect on cognition.
除帕金森病（PD）的典型运动症状外，一些患者还患有多种非运动症状。PD患者存在认知缺陷，如学习和记忆障碍，这引起了临床关注。然而，在疾病早期，这些缺陷可能很细微，难以诊断。迄今为止，已采用各种方法来识别和诊断PD中的这些损伤；其中最常用的是影像学研究、动物模型和计算机模拟学习范式。本综述讨论了每种方法在研究与PD相关的认知缺陷方面的优缺点。
包括正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和磁共振成像扫描在内的影像学研究，在研究认知任务的神经相关性时很有用。相比之下，毒素诱导和转基因动物模型非常适合模拟人类观察到的生理和行为状况。计算机模拟学习范式用于分析个体在进行认知任务时的认知功能。
根据所研究的损伤程度（即神经生物学、行为、认知基础或它们的组合），在建立PD及其对认知影响的完整模型时，单独或联合使用这些方法是必不可少的。
