Hanson V L, Lichtenstein E H
IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York.
Cogn Psychol. 1990 Apr;22(2):211-24. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(90)90016-w.
Shand (Cognitive Psychology, 1982, 14, 1-12) hypothesized that strong reliance on a phonetic code by hearing individuals in short-term memory situations reflects their primary language experience. As support for this proposal, Shand reported an experiment in which deaf signers' recall of lists of printed English words was poorer when the American Sign Language translations of those words were structurally similar than when they were structurally unrelated. He interpreted this result as evidence that the deaf subjects were recoding the printed words into sign, reflecting their primary language experience. This primary language interpretation is challenged in the present article first by an experiment in which a group of hearing subjects showed a similar recall pattern on Shand's lists of words, and second by a review of the literature on short-term memory studies with deaf subjects. The literature survey reveals that whether or not deaf signers recode into sign depends on a variety of task and subject factors, and that, contrary to the primary language hypothesis, deaf signers may recode into a phonetic code in short-term recall.
尚德（《认知心理学》，1982年，第14卷，第1 - 12页）提出假设，认为听力正常的个体在短期记忆情境中对语音编码的强烈依赖反映了他们的主要语言体验。作为对这一观点的支持，尚德报告了一项实验，在该实验中，当美国手语对那些印刷英语单词的翻译在结构上相似时，聋人手语使用者对印刷英语单词列表的回忆比在结构上不相关时更差。他将这一结果解释为聋人受试者将印刷单词重新编码为手语的证据，反映了他们的主要语言体验。本文首先通过一项实验对这种主要语言解释提出了质疑，在该实验中，一组听力正常的受试者在尚德的单词列表上表现出了类似的回忆模式，其次通过对关于聋人受试者短期记忆研究的文献综述提出质疑。文献调查表明，聋人手语使用者是否重新编码为手语取决于多种任务和受试者因素，而且与主要语言假设相反，聋人手语使用者在短期回忆中可能会重新编码为语音编码。
