Mills L L, Pace L W
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Columbia, MO.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990 Apr 15;196(8):1294-6.
Caudal vena caval thrombosis was diagnosed in a 13-year-old Santa Gertrudis cow with a history of chronic weight loss. Anemia, abnormal lung sounds, hemoptysis, and melena were the predominant clinical signs of vena caval thrombosis.