Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15053, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013 Mar;150(3):453-63. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22219. Epub 2013 Jan 22.
Native Americans are characterized by specific and unique patterns of genetic and cultural/linguistic diversities, and this information has been used to understand patterns of geographic dispersion, and the relationship between these peoples. Particularly interesting are the Tupi and Je speaker dispersions. At present, a large number of individuals speak languages of these two stocks; for instance, Tupi-Guarani is one of the official languages in Paraguay, Bolivia, and the Mercosul economic block. Although the Tupi expansion can be compared in importance to the Bantu migration in Africa, little is known about this event relative to others. Equal and even deeper gaps exist concerning the Je-speakers' expansion. This study aims to elucidate some aspects of these successful expansions. To meet this purpose, we analyzed Native American mtDNA complete control region from nine different populations and included HVS-I sequences available in the literature, resulting in a total of 1,176 samples investigated. Evolutionary relationships were explored through median-joining networks and genetic/geographic/linguistic correlations with Mantel tests and spatial autocorrelation analyses. Both Tupi and Je showed general traces of ancient or more recent fission-fusion processes, but a very different pattern of demographic expansion. Tupi populations displayed a classical isolation-by-distance pattern, while Je groups presented an intricate and nonlinear mode of dispersion. We suggest that the collective memory and other cultural processes could be important factors influencing the fission-fusion events, which likely contributed to the genetic structure, evolution, and dispersion of Native American populations.
美洲原住民的遗传和文化/语言多样性具有独特而独特的模式，这些信息被用于了解地理分布模式以及这些民族之间的关系。特别有趣的是图皮和杰说话者的分散。目前，大量个体讲这两种语系的语言；例如，图皮-瓜拉尼语是巴拉圭、玻利维亚和南方共同市场经济集团的官方语言之一。尽管图皮的扩张可以与非洲的班图人迁移相媲美，但与其他事件相比，人们对这一事件知之甚少。杰说话者的扩张在平等和甚至更深层次上存在差距。本研究旨在阐明这些成功扩张的一些方面。为了达到这个目的，我们分析了来自九个不同群体的美洲原住民 mtDNA 完整控制区，并包括文献中可用的 HVS-I 序列，总共调查了 1176 个样本。通过中位数连接网络探索进化关系，并通过 Mantel 检验和空间自相关分析进行遗传/地理/语言相关性分析。图皮和杰都表现出古老或更近的裂变融合过程的一般痕迹，但人口扩张的模式非常不同。图皮人口显示出经典的隔离距离模式，而杰群体呈现出复杂和非线性的分散模式。我们认为，集体记忆和其他文化过程可能是影响裂变融合事件的重要因素，这些事件可能有助于美洲原住民人口的遗传结构、进化和分散。
