Seton Hall University.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2013 Sep;39(5):1609-14. doi: 10.1037/a0031144. Epub 2013 Jan 28.
Four experiments were conducted to test whether conjunction errors were reduced after pictorial encoding and whether the semantic overlap between study and conjunction items would impact error rates. Across 4 experiments, compound words studied with a single-picture had lower conjunction error rates during a recognition test than those words studied with 2 pictures. This effect occurred even when participants were asked to respond quickly (Experiment 3) or to respond positively to any word that overlapped with the study phase (Experiment 2), as well as when the number of pictures shown at study was manipulated within-participants (Experiment 4). The effect of semantic overlap was ambiguous, with only Experiment 2 showing a difference between high and low overlap items. Overall, these results are inconsistent with a metacognitive interpretation of the role of pictures in reducing memory errors and are more consistent with impoverished familiarity after single-picture encoding.
进行了四项实验来检验图片编码后是否会减少连接错误，以及学习和连接项目之间的语义重叠是否会影响错误率。在四项实验中，与用两张图片学习的复合词相比，用一张图片学习的复合词在识别测试中的连接错误率更低。即使在要求参与者快速反应（实验 3）或对与学习阶段重叠的任何单词做出积极反应（实验 2）的情况下，以及在操纵学习时呈现的图片数量时（实验 4），这种效果也会发生。语义重叠的影响不明确，只有实验 2 显示了高重叠和低重叠项目之间的差异。总的来说，这些结果与图片在减少记忆错误中的元认知作用的解释不一致，而更符合单张图片编码后的熟悉度降低。
