Queen's University of Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland.
Parasitology. 2013 May;140(6):699-708. doi: 10.1017/S0031182012002016.
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of a number of viral diseases worldwide. Following the unforeseen outbreak of bluetongue in northern Europe (2006–2009) there was a need to clarify on-farm breeding substrates utilized by temperate Culicoides spp. Six substrates (cow dung, cow slurry, horse dung, sheep dung, maize silage and soil) were investigated for Culicoides spp. emergence over a 31-week period. Overall, most Obsoletus group Culicoides emerged from the cow dung and the most Pulicaris group Culicoides emerged from the sheep dung. Furthermore, Culicoides of the Obsoletus group were found to be abundant in cow slurry and sheep dung. Temperature played a significant role in the emergence times of adult Culicoides. The Obsoletus group appear to have undergone 3 generations during the experimental period. The sex ratio of emergent Obsoletus group Culicoides was affected by substrate type, with a greater proportion of males emerging from cow dung and slurry compared with the other substrates.
刺蝇属（双翅目：蠓科）的蠓是全球多种病毒性疾病的媒介。在北欧蓝舌病（2006-2009 年）意外爆发后，需要明确温带刺蝇属的农场繁殖基质。在 31 周的时间内，研究了六种基质（牛粪、牛浆、马粪、羊粪、玉米青贮料和土壤）中蠓的出现情况。总体而言，大多数废弃组的蠓从牛粪中出现，而大多数 Pulicaris 组的蠓从羊粪中出现。此外，废弃组的蠓在牛浆和羊粪中大量存在。温度对成体刺蝇的出现时间有显著影响。废弃组似乎在实验期间经历了 3 代。出现的废弃组刺蝇的性别比例受基质类型的影响，与其他基质相比，从牛粪和浆中出现的雄性比例更大。
