Collegium Polonicum, Adam Mickiewicz University, Kościuszki 1, 69-100, Słubice, Poland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Aug;20(8):5243-64. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1426-7. Epub 2013 Feb 2.
The cyanobacterial cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly common in fresh waters worldwide. It was originally isolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Australia; however, in European waters, its occurrence is associated with other cyanobacterial species belonging to the genera Aphanizomenon and Anabaena. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin-producing strains of widely distributed C. raciborskii have not yet been observed in European waters. The aims of this work were to assess the occurrence of CYN in lakes of western Poland and to identify the CYN producers. The ELISA tests, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD, and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS were conducted to assess the occurrence of CYN in 36 lakes. The cyrJ, cyrA, and pks genes were amplified to identify toxigenic genotypes of cyanobacteria that are capable of producing CYN. The toxicity and toxigenicity of the C. raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from the studied lakes were examined. Overall, CYN was detected in 13 lakes using HPLC-MS/MS, and its concentrations varied from trace levels to 3.0 μg L(-1). CYN was widely observed in lakes of western Poland during the whole summer under different environmental conditions. Mineral forms of nutrients and temperature were related to CYN production. The molecular studies confirmed the presence of toxigenic cyanobacterial populations in all of the samples where CYN was detected. The toxicity and toxigenicity analyses of isolated cyanobacteria strains revealed that A. gracile was the major producer of CYN.
蓝细菌细胞毒素柱孢藻肝毒素 (CYN) 在世界范围内的淡水中越来越常见。它最初是从澳大利亚的柱孢藻中分离出来的；然而，在欧洲水域，其出现与属于节旋藻属和鱼腥藻属的其他蓝细菌物种有关。此外，在欧洲水域尚未观察到广泛分布的柱孢藻产生柱孢藻肝毒素的菌株。本工作的目的是评估波兰西部湖泊中 CYN 的存在情况，并确定 CYN 的产生者。采用 ELISA 试验、高效液相色谱 (HPLC)-DAD 和 HPLC-质谱 (MS)/MS 对 36 个湖泊中 CYN 的存在情况进行评估。扩增 cyrJ、cyrA 和 pks 基因以鉴定能够产生 CYN 的产毒蓝细菌基因型。对从研究湖泊中分离出的柱孢藻和纤细节旋藻的毒性和产毒能力进行了检测。总体而言，使用 HPLC-MS/MS 在 13 个湖泊中检测到 CYN，其浓度从痕量到 3.0 μg/L 不等。在不同的环境条件下，CYN 在波兰西部的湖泊中整个夏季都广泛存在。营养物质的矿物形式和温度与 CYN 的产生有关。分子研究证实，在所有检测到 CYN 的样本中都存在产毒蓝细菌种群。对分离出的蓝细菌菌株的毒性和产毒能力分析表明，纤细节旋藻是 CYN 的主要产生者。
