Department of Organisational Behaviour, INSEAD, Asia Campus, 1 Ayer Rajah Avenue, Singapore 138676.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2013 Mar;39(3):291-304. doi: 10.1177/0146167212473157.
In three studies, we examined how training may attenuate (or exacerbate) racial bias in the decision to shoot. In Experiment 1, when novices read a newspaper article about Black criminals, they showed pronounced racial bias in a first-person-shooter task (FPST); when they read about White criminals, bias was eliminated. Experts (who practiced the FPST) and police officers were unaffected by the same stereotype-accessibility manipulation. However, when training itself (base rates of armed vs. unarmed targets in the FPST, Experiment 2a; or special unit officers who routinely deal with minority gang members, Experiment 2b) reinforced the association between Blacks and danger, training did not attenuate bias. When race is unrelated to the presence/absence of a weapon, training may eliminate bias as participants learn to focus on diagnostic object information (gun vs. no gun). But when training actually promotes the utility of racial cues, it may sustain the heuristic use of stereotypes.
在三项研究中，我们考察了培训如何减轻（或加剧）在射击决策中的种族偏见。在实验 1 中，当新手阅读关于黑人罪犯的报纸文章时，他们在第一人称射击任务（FPST）中表现出明显的种族偏见；当他们读到白人罪犯时，偏见就消除了。专家（练习 FPST 的人）和警察不受同一刻板印象可及性操纵的影响。然而，当培训本身（FPST 中武装与非武装目标的基本比率，实验 2a；或经常与少数民族帮派成员打交道的特别单位官员，实验 2b）加强了黑人和危险之间的联系时，培训并没有减轻偏见。当种族与武器的存在/不存在无关时，培训可能会消除偏见，因为参与者学会专注于诊断对象信息（枪支与无枪）。但是，当培训实际上促进了种族线索的实用性时，它可能会维持对刻板印象的启发式使用。
