University of Kent.
Child Dev. 2013 Sep-Oct;84(5):1716-33. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12079. Epub 2013 Feb 12.
Three studies examined the role of stereotype threat in boys' academic underachievement. Study 1 (children aged 4-10, n = 238) showed that girls from age 4 years and boys from age 7 years believed, and thought adults believed, that boys are academically inferior to girls. Study 2 manipulated stereotype threat, informing children aged 7-8 years (n = 162) that boys tend to do worse than girls at school. This manipulation hindered boys' performance on a reading, writing, and math test, but did not affect girls' performance. Study 3 counteracted stereotype threat, informing children aged 6-9 years (n = 184) that boys and girls were expected to perform similarly. This improved the performance of boys and did not affect that of girls.
三项研究考察了刻板印象威胁在男孩学业成绩不佳中的作用。研究 1（年龄为 4-10 岁的儿童，n=238）表明，女孩从 4 岁开始，男孩从 7 岁开始，就相信并且认为成年人认为男孩在学术上不如女孩。研究 2 操纵了刻板印象威胁，告知 7-8 岁的儿童（n=162），男孩在学校的表现往往不如女孩。这种操纵阻碍了男孩在阅读、写作和数学测试中的表现，但对女孩的表现没有影响。研究 3 抵消了刻板印象威胁，告知 6-9 岁的儿童（n=184），男孩和女孩的预期表现相似。这提高了男孩的表现，但对女孩的表现没有影响。
