Bacterial infection probes and imaging strategies in clinical nuclear medicine and preclinical molecular imaging.

At present, a limited number of strategies exist for diagnostic imaging of patients with bacterial infection. While radiolabeled probes and white blood cells provide robust solutions to detect bacteria in humans, they also give false positives in cases of sterile inflammation. With the onset of bacterial drug resistance, and a clinical trend toward reducing the prescription of antibiotics, the need for highly specific infection detection protocols has been renewed. The preclinical research community has recently utilized new optical imaging strategies, alongside traditional radioimaging research, to develop novel infection probes with translational potential. Here we review the current clinical methods for imaging bacteria in humans, and discuss the efforts within the preclinical community to validate new strategies. The review of preclinical infection imaging probes is limited to those probes that could be feasibly adapted for use in humans with currently available clinical modalities.