Towards clinical application of non-invasive imaging to detect bacterial infections.

In vivo imaging technologies offer a great potential for the diagnosis of difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. A major limitation of conventional imaging modalities is the lack of specificity to distinguish the site of bacterial infection from sterile inflammation. Targeted approaches like antibiotics linked to imaging tracers for detection of various bacterial pathogens or species-specific antibodies combined with anatomical imaging modalities are currently being evaluated to overcome this problem. Considering the recent progress in optical and targeted imaging that may accelerate preclinical development programs, clinical implementation of in vivo imaging modalities to detect bacterial infection foci becomes realistic in the future.