Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2013 Feb;106(1):247-56. doi: 10.1603/ec12264.
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande is a commonly encountered and economically important insect pest of greenhouses. Greenhouse producers typically apply pesticides as mixtures to mitigate western flower thrips populations; however, there is limited information available on the compatibility and efficacy of commonly used pesticide mixtures. This study assessed nine binary and three tertiary pesticide mixtures used in greenhouses which included pesticides containing abamectin, acephate, azadirachtin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, imidacloprid, novaluron, pymetrozine, and spinosad. Compatibility was determined for the binary pesticide mixtures using jar tests. In addition, the binary mixtures were applied to nine horticultural plant species to determine phytotoxicity based on visual appearance assessed 7 d after treatment. Bean-dip bioassays were performed in a laboratory using green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to determine LC50 values for each individual pesticide and the mixtures to establish whether the mixtures were synergistic, antagonistic, or there was no effect. The mortality of western flower thrips was assessed after 24 h, and LC50 values were calculated. Furthermore, semifield bioassays were performed in greenhouses for binary and tertiary mixtures to evaluate the efficacy (based on percent mortality) of the pesticide mixtures against western flower thrips. Results indicated that all binary mixtures were visibly compatible, and not phytotoxic to any of the plant species evaluated. Combination index calculations based on laboratory results indicated most of the binary mixtures were synergistic; however, the mixture containing spinosad + bifenazate appeared to be antagonistic against western flower thrips. The semifield bioassays demonstrated significantly reduced efficacy associated with mixtures containing azadirachtin, however, all binary mixtures provided approximately 80% western flower thrips mortality.
西方花蓟马，Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande，是温室中常见且具有重要经济意义的昆虫害虫。温室种植者通常会将杀虫剂混合使用，以减轻西方花蓟马种群的危害；然而，有关常用杀虫剂混合物的兼容性和效果的信息有限。本研究评估了温室中使用的九种二元和三种三元杀虫剂混合物，其中包括含有阿维菌素、乙酰甲胺磷、印楝素、螺虫乙酯、联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、噻虫啉、虫酰肼、吡虫啉和多杀菌素的杀虫剂。使用罐测试确定二元杀虫剂混合物的兼容性。此外，将二元混合物应用于九种园艺植物物种，根据处理后 7 天的外观评估确定植物毒性。在实验室中使用绿豆（Phaseolus vulgaris L.）进行豆荚浸渍生物测定，以确定每个单独杀虫剂和混合物的 LC50 值，以确定混合物是否具有协同作用、拮抗作用或没有影响。评估 24 小时后西方花蓟马的死亡率，并计算 LC50 值。此外，在温室中进行二元和三元混合物的半田间生物测定，以评估杀虫剂混合物对西方花蓟马的功效（基于死亡率百分比）。结果表明，所有二元混合物在外观上均兼容，且对评估的任何植物物种均无植物毒性。基于实验室结果的组合指数计算表明，大多数二元混合物具有协同作用；然而，含有多杀菌素+螺虫乙酯的混合物对西方花蓟马似乎具有拮抗作用。半田间生物测定表明，含有印楝素的混合物功效显著降低，然而，所有二元混合物均可提供约 80%的西方花蓟马死亡率。
