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亲代投资中利他行为的起源。

The origins of altruism in offspring care.

机构信息

University of Michigan.

出版信息

Psychol Bull. 2013 Nov;139(6):1305-41. doi: 10.1037/a0031755. Epub 2013 Mar 4.

Abstract

The current review aims to unify existing views of altruism through an examination of the biological bases of a fundamental form of giving: altruistic responding. Altruistic responding is most salient during heroic acts of helping but is also observed any time one perceives another's distress or need, which in turn motivates one to help at a current cost to the self. Such aid is simple, observable across species, and rooted in the instincts and circuits that evolved to maximize inclusive fitness through the care of helpless offspring. By design, the system already biases aid to both kin and nonkin under conditions that are largely adaptive. These inherent benefits are also buttressed in primates and humans by known, later-arriving benefits to helping in group-living animals. Evidence for the proposed homology between altruistic responding and offspring retrieval is presented through 10 key shared factors. Conceptually, both require (a) participation by nonmothers, (b) motor competence and expertise, (c) an adaptive opponency between avoidance and approach, and a facilitating role of (d) neonatal vulnerability, (e) salient distress, and (f) rewarding close contact. Physiologically, they also share neurohormonal support from (g) oxytocin, (h) the domain-general mesolimbocortical system, (i) the cingulate cortex, and (j) the orbitofrontal cortex. The framework intermixes ultimate and proximate levels of analysis and unifies existing views by assuming that even complex human behaviors reflect ancient mammalian neural systems that evolved to solve key problems in adaptive ways, with far-reaching consequences for even our most venerated human traits.

摘要

当前的综述旨在通过考察一种基本的给予形式——利他反应的生物学基础,来统一现有的利他主义观点。利他反应在英勇的助人行为中最为明显,但也会在人们感知到他人的痛苦或需要时观察到,这反过来又促使人们在当前自我牺牲的情况下提供帮助。这种援助是简单的,在物种间是可观察到的,并且根植于本能和回路中,这些本能和回路通过照顾无助的后代来最大化包容性适合度。从设计上讲,该系统已经在很大程度上适应了对亲属和非亲属的援助偏见。在灵长类动物和人类中,已知的、后来出现的对群居动物的帮助的好处也支持了这些内在的好处。通过 10 个关键的共同因素,提出了利他反应和后代检索之间拟议同源性的证据。从概念上讲,两者都需要 (a) 非母亲的参与,(b) 运动能力和专业知识,(c) 回避和接近之间的适应性对立,以及 (d) 新生儿脆弱性、(e) 明显的痛苦和 (f) 奖励亲密接触的促进作用。从生理上讲,它们还共享来自 (g) 催产素、(h) 普遍存在的中脑边缘皮质系统、(i) 扣带回皮层和 (j) 眶额皮层的神经激素支持。该框架混合了终极和近因分析水平,并通过假设即使是复杂的人类行为也反映了古老的哺乳动物神经系统,这些系统以适应性的方式进化来解决关键问题,从而为我们最受尊敬的人类特征带来了深远的影响,从而统一了现有的观点。

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