Nutritional Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis 95616; California Department of Food and Agriculture, Feed, Fertilizer and Livestock Drugs Regulatory Services, Safe Animal Feed Education (SAFE) Program, Sacramento, CA 95814.
Department of Molecular Biosciences and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, and.
J Dairy Sci. 2013 Apr;96(4):2705-2712. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5957. Epub 2013 Feb 22.
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring environmental contaminants recognized worldwide in a variety of food and feed products. Produced as secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi, mycotoxins can have acute and chronic effects. Differing seasonal weather patterns and harvesting and storage conditions put corn grain at high risk for mycotoxin contamination. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of mycotoxin exposure posed to California livestock from whole corn. Random samples (n=50) of whole corn were collected and analyzed for 6 different mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin), and zearalenone. The samples represented a cross section of the corn entering California from various corn-growing states (n=43) as well as additional samples from California-grown corn (n=7). The experiment was a randomized sampling design. Over the course of a 6-mo period, 16 trains in California (100-110 railcars) and 5 California grain elevators were randomly sampled. Aflatoxins were detected in 14 samples, with 1 sample containing a concentration of 41.3 μg/kg (as-is basis), which was above the action level of 20 μg/kg for corn fed to dairy cattle. The average concentration of aflatoxins for the 13 samples below the regulatory action level was 8.69 μg/kg (range 4.67 to 13.82 μg/kg). Deoxynivalenol was found in 15 samples and averaged 553 μg/kg (range 340 to 1,072 μg/kg), which was below the federal advisory level of 5,000 μg/kg for grain fed to dairy cattle. Fumonisins were found in 38 samples and averaged 1,687 μg/kg (range 435 to 4,843 μg/kg), which was below the federal guidance level of 30,000 μg/kg in corn for dairy cattle. Ochratoxins, T-2 toxins, and zearalenone were not detected in any samples of whole corn. Fumonisins were the most prevalent mycotoxins found.
真菌毒素是在各种食品和饲料产品中普遍存在的天然环境污染物，作为丝状真菌的次生代谢物产生，真菌毒素可能具有急性和慢性影响。不同的季节性天气模式以及收获和储存条件使玉米谷物极易受到真菌毒素污染。本研究的目的是评估加州牲畜通过全玉米摄入真菌毒素的风险。随机采集（n=50）全玉米样本，并分析 6 种不同的真菌毒素，包括黄曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、赭曲霉毒素、单端孢霉烯族化合物（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和 T-2 毒素）和玉米赤霉烯酮。这些样本代表了来自不同玉米种植州进入加州的玉米（n=43）以及来自加州种植玉米的额外样本（n=7）的一个横截面。该实验采用随机抽样设计。在 6 个月的时间里，在加利福尼亚州的 16 列火车（100-110 节火车车厢）和 5 个加利福尼亚谷物升降机中进行了随机抽样。在 14 个样本中检测到黄曲霉毒素，其中 1 个样本的浓度为 41.3μg/kg（原样基础），高于奶牛饲料中黄曲霉毒素的 20μg/kg 行动水平。在低于监管行动水平的 13 个样本中，黄曲霉毒素的平均浓度为 8.69μg/kg（范围为 4.67-13.82μg/kg）。在 15 个样本中发现脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇，平均浓度为 553μg/kg（范围为 340-1072μg/kg），低于奶牛饲料中 5000μg/kg 的联邦咨询水平。在 38 个样本中发现伏马菌素，平均浓度为 1687μg/kg（范围为 435-4843μg/kg），低于奶牛用玉米的 30000μg/kg 的联邦指导水平。在全玉米样本中均未检测到赭曲霉毒素、T-2 毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮。伏马菌素是发现的最普遍的真菌毒素。
