Jasinska Agnes J, Zorick Todd, Brody Arthur L, Stein Elliot A
National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States.
Neuropharmacology. 2014 Sep;84:111-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Mar 6.
Substantial evidence demonstrates both nicotine's addiction liability and its cognition-enhancing effects. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine's impact on brain function and behavior remain incompletely understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms is of high clinical importance and may lead to improved therapeutics for smoking cessation as well as for a number of cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia. Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which make it possible to study the actions of nicotine in the human brain in vivo, play an increasingly important role in identifying these dual mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and discuss outstanding questions and future directions in human neuroimaging research on nicotine and tobacco. This research spans from receptor-level PET and SPECT studies demonstrating nicotine occupancy at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and upregulation of nAChRs induced by chronic smoking; through nicotine's interactions with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system believed to mediate nicotine's reinforcing effects leading to dependence; to functional activity and connectivity fMRI studies documenting nicotine's complex behavioral and cognitive effects manifest by its actions on large-scale brain networks engaged both during task performance and at rest. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
大量证据表明尼古丁具有成瘾性及其认知增强作用。然而，尼古丁对脑功能和行为影响的神经生物学机制仍未完全明确。阐明这些机制具有重要的临床意义，可能会带来更好的戒烟治疗方法以及针对诸如精神分裂症等多种认知障碍的治疗方法。正电子发射断层扫描（PET）、单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）等神经成像技术能够在活体状态下研究尼古丁在人脑中的作用，在识别尼古丁的这两种双重作用机制方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了当前的知识现状，并讨论了尼古丁和烟草的人类神经成像研究中尚未解决的问题和未来方向。这项研究涵盖了从受体水平的PET和SPECT研究，这些研究表明尼古丁占据烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChRs）以及慢性吸烟诱导的nAChRs上调；到尼古丁与中脑边缘多巴胺系统的相互作用，该系统被认为介导尼古丁的强化作用从而导致成瘾；再到功能活动和连接性fMRI研究，这些研究记录了尼古丁通过对任务执行和休息期间参与的大规模脑网络的作用而表现出的复杂行为和认知效应。本文是名为“神经药理学中的神经成像”的特刊的一部分。
