Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2013 May;93(3):279-84. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.02.014. Epub 2013 Mar 9.
Although it is curable, tuberculosis continues to be is a major global public health problem, especially in developing countries. Tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is one of the most common forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It has been well documented that CD4(+) T lymphocytes are dominant leukocytes present in TPE. Traditionally, CD4(+) T cells have been classified into two functionally distinct subsets, helper T-cell type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, based on their cytokine production profiles. Recently, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, Th9 cells, and Th22 cells have been added to the 'portfolio' of Th cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the phenotypic characteristics of the above Th cells, the mechanisms of differentiation and recruitment of Th cells into pleural space, and the immune regulation of Th cells in TPE environment. We also describe the interplay between different Th cells, as well as between Th cells and other type of cells, such as pleural mesothelial cells in TPE. Further studies should be directed at identifying the mediators and mechanisms involved in the immunoregulatory properties of pleural Th cells in tuberculosis infection.
虽然结核病可以治愈，但它仍是一个主要的全球公共卫生问题，尤其是在发展中国家。结核性胸腔积液（TPE）是最常见的肺外结核形式之一。已有充分的证据表明，CD4(+)T 淋巴细胞是 TPE 中主要的白细胞。传统上，根据细胞因子产生谱，CD4(+)T 细胞已被分为两种功能不同的亚群，辅助性 T 细胞 1（Th1）和 Th2 细胞。最近，调节性 T 细胞、Th17 细胞、Th9 细胞和 Th22 细胞已被添加到 Th 细胞的“组合”中。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于上述 Th 细胞的表型特征、Th 细胞向胸腔募集的分化和招募机制以及 Th 细胞在 TPE 环境中的免疫调节的最新发现。我们还描述了不同 Th 细胞之间以及 Th 细胞与 TPE 中的胸膜间皮细胞等其他类型细胞之间的相互作用。进一步的研究应致力于确定在结核感染中胸膜 Th 细胞的免疫调节特性涉及的介质和机制。
