Inj Prev. 2013 Dec;19(6):412-20. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040715. Epub 2013 Mar 11.
Firearms may be obtained illegally from federally-licensed dealers and pawnbrokers through surrogate (straw) purchases, undocumented purchases and theft. Some retailers knowingly make illegal sales.
To obtain information about the frequency of and risk factors for these events, and retailers' reactions to them, directly from licensed retailers.
Survey of a random sample of 1601 licensed dealers and pawnbrokers in 43 states who were believed to sell ≥50 firearms annually, conducted by mail during June-August 2011.
The response rate was 36.9%, typical of establishment surveys using such methods. In the preceding year, 67.3% of respondents experienced attempted straw purchases; 42.4% experienced undocumented purchase attempts. For each event, 10% reported ≥1 occurrence/month. A quarter (25.6%) experienced firearm theft in the preceding 5 years. Pawnbroker status, sales volume, denied sales and sales of firearms that were subsequently traced by law enforcement were associated with all outcomes in multivariate analysis. Estimates of retailer involvement in illegal sales (median 3%, IQR 1-10%) were related in multivariate analysis to respondents' age and sex, and to denied sales. In a hypothetical case involving 50 illegal sales, respondents recommended prolonged incarceration (median 10 years, IQR 5-20 years) and a substantial fine (median $50 000, IQR $10 000-$250 000) for retailers and made similar recommendations for buyers.
Attempts to acquire firearms illegally from licensed dealers and pawnbrokers are common. Characteristics associated with frequency of occurrence may facilitate prevention efforts. Licensed retailers consider selling and buying firearms illegally to be serious crimes.
枪支可能通过代理人（中间人）购买、无记录购买和盗窃等方式从获得联邦许可的经销商和当铺非法获得。一些零售商故意进行非法销售。
直接从持牌零售商处获取有关这些事件的频率和风险因素以及零售商对此类事件的反应的信息。
在 2011 年 6 月至 8 月期间，通过邮件对 43 个州的 1601 名持牌经销商和当铺进行了随机抽样调查，这些经销商和当铺被认为每年销售≥50 支枪支。
回应率为 36.9%，这是使用此类方法进行的机构调查的典型回应率。在过去的一年中，67.3%的受访者经历了试图进行中间人购买的情况；42.4%经历了无记录的购买尝试。对于每种情况，10%的受访者报告每月发生≥1 次。四分之一（25.6%）在过去 5 年内经历过枪支盗窃。在多元分析中，当铺的地位、销售量、拒绝销售以及随后被执法部门追查的枪支销售与所有结果相关。在多元分析中，零售商参与非法销售的估计（中位数为 3%，IQR 为 1-10%）与受访者的年龄和性别以及拒绝销售有关。在涉及 50 次非法销售的假设案例中，受访者建议对零售商进行长期监禁（中位数 10 年，IQR 为 5-20 年）和巨额罚款（中位数 50000 美元，IQR 为 10000-250000 美元），并对买家提出了类似的建议。
从获得联邦许可的经销商和当铺非法获取枪支的尝试很常见。与发生频率相关的特征可能有助于预防工作。持牌零售商认为销售和购买枪支是严重犯罪。
