University of Bristol, School of Experimental Psychology, 12a Priory Rd., Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
J Soc Psychol. 2013 Mar-Apr;153(2):212-28. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2012.721812.
An evolutionary approach to stigmatization suggests that disease-avoidance processes contribute to some instances of social exclusion. Disease-avoidance processes are over-inclusive, targeting even non-threatening individuals who display cues of substandard health. We investigated whether such cues motivate avoidance of physical contact in particular. In Studies 1 and 2, targets with disease (e.g., leprosy) or atypical morphologies (e.g., amputated leg, obesity) were found to arouse differentially heightened discomfort with physical (versus nonphysical) contact, whereas a criminal target (stigmatized for disease-irrelevant reasons) was found to arouse elevated discomfort for both types of contact. Study 3 used a between-subjects design that eliminated the influence of extraneous factors. A diseased target was found to arouse differentially heightened discomfort with physical (versus nonphysical) contact, and to do so more strongly than any other type of target.
一种对污名化的进化方法表明，疾病回避过程导致了某些社会排斥现象。疾病回避过程过于宽泛，甚至针对那些表现出健康状况不佳迹象但并无威胁的人。我们研究了这些线索是否特别促使人们避免身体接触。在研究 1 和研究 2 中，患有疾病（例如麻风病）或形态异常（例如截肢、肥胖）的目标对象被发现对身体（而非非身体）接触会引起不同程度的不适感，而因与疾病无关的原因而被污名化的犯罪目标对象则会对两种类型的接触都引起更高的不适感。研究 3 使用了一种被试间设计，消除了额外因素的影响。患有疾病的目标对象被发现对身体（而非非身体）接触会引起不同程度的不适感，而且比任何其他类型的目标对象都更强烈。
