McConnell Allen R, Rydell Robert J, Strain Laura M, Mackie Diane M
Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008 May;94(5):792-807. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.792.
The authors explored how social group cues (e.g., obesity, physical attractiveness) strongly associated with valence affect the formation of attitudes toward individuals. Although explicit attitude formation has been examined in much past research (e.g., S. T. Fiske & S. L. Neuberg, 1990), in the current work, the authors considered how implicit as well as explicit attitudes toward individuals are influenced by these cues. On the basis of a systems of evaluation perspective (e.g., R. J. Rydell & A. R. McConnell, 2006; R. J. Rydell, A. R. McConnell, D. M. Mackie, & L. M. Strain, 2006), the authors anticipated and found that social group cues had a strong impact on implicit attitude formation in all cases and on explicit attitude formation when behavioral information about the target was ambiguous. These findings obtained for cues related to obesity (Experiments 1 and 4) and physical attractiveness (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, parallel findings were observed for race, and participants holding greater implicit racial prejudice against African Americans formed more negative implicit attitudes toward a novel African American target person than did participants with less implicit racial prejudice. Implications for research on attitudes, impression formation, and stigma are discussed.
作者们探究了与效价紧密相关的社会群体线索（如肥胖、外貌吸引力）如何影响对个体态度的形成。尽管过去已有许多研究探讨了显性态度的形成（如S. T. 菲斯克和S. L. 纽伯格，1990），但在当前研究中，作者们考虑了这些线索如何影响对个体的隐性态度和显性态度。基于评价系统视角（如R. J. 赖德尔和A. R. 麦康奈尔，2006；R. J. 赖德尔、A. R. 麦康奈尔、D. M. 麦基和L. M. 斯特林，2006），作者们预期并发现，社会群体线索在所有情况下都对隐性态度的形成有强烈影响，而当关于目标的行为信息模糊时，对显性态度的形成也有强烈影响。这些发现适用于与肥胖相关的线索（实验1和4）以及外貌吸引力相关的线索（实验2）。在实验3中，对于种族也观察到了类似的结果，相比隐性种族偏见较弱的参与者，对非裔美国人持有更强隐性种族偏见的参与者对一个新的非裔美国目标人物形成了更负面的隐性态度。文章还讨论了这些发现对态度、印象形成和污名研究的启示。
