Paleoanthropology, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, Tübingen 72070, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
J Hum Evol. 2013 Jun;64(6):486-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.002. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
The Kalamakia cave, a Middle Paleolithic site on the western coast of the Mani peninsula, Greece, was excavated in 1993-2006 by an interdisciplinary team from the Ephoreia of Paleoanthropology and Speleology (Greek Ministry of Culture) and the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris). The site is dated to between ca. 100,000 and >39,000 years BP (Before Present) and has yielded Mousterian lithics, a rich fauna, and human remains from several layers. The latter include 10 isolated teeth, a cranial fragment and three postcranial elements. The remains represent at least eight individuals, two of them subadults, and show both carnivore and anthropogenic modifications. They can be identified as Neanderthal on the basis of diagnostic morphology on most specimens. A diet similar to that of Neanderthals from mixed habitat is suggested by our analysis of dental wear (occlusal fingerprint analysis) and microwear (occlusal texture microwear analysis), in agreement with the faunal and palynological analyses of the site. These new fossils significantly expand the Neanderthal sample known from Greece. Together with the human specimens from Lakonis and Apidima, the Kalamakia human remains add to the growing evidence of a strong Neanderthal presence in the Mani region during the Late Pleistocene.
卡兰马基亚洞穴位于希腊马尼亚半岛西海岸，是一处中石器时代遗址。该遗址由来自希腊古人类学和洞穴学机构（希腊文化部下属机构）与法国自然历史博物馆的跨学科团队于 1993 年至 2006 年进行发掘。该遗址的年代可追溯至约 10 万至 3.9 万年前，并出土了莫斯特石器、丰富的动物群以及来自多个地层的人类遗骸。后者包括 10 颗孤立的牙齿、一块颅骨碎片和 3 块后肢骨骼。这些遗骸代表了至少 8 个人，其中 2 人是未成年人，显示出食肉类动物和人类的双重改造痕迹。大多数标本都具有诊断形态特征，因此可以确定它们为尼安德特人。我们通过对牙齿磨损（咬合指纹分析）和微观磨损（咬合纹理微观磨损分析）的分析，提出了与该遗址的动物群和孢粉分析一致的饮食模式，即这些人类可能来自混合生境的尼安德特人。这些新的化石标本极大地扩展了希腊已知的尼安德特人样本。与拉科尼和阿皮迪马的人类标本一起，卡兰马基亚的人类遗骸为马尼亚地区在晚更新世时期存在强大的尼安德特人提供了更多的证据。
