BACKGROUND

Putting evidence into practice at the point of care delivery requires an understanding of implementation strategies that work, in what context and how.

OBJECTIVE

To identify methodological issues in implementation science using 4 studies as cases and make recommendations for further methods development.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Four cases are presented and methodological issues identified. For each issue raised, evidence on the state of the science is described.

RESULTS

Issues in implementation science identified include diverse conceptual frameworks, potential weaknesses in pragmatic study designs, and the paucity of standard concepts and measurement.

CONCLUSIONS

Recommendations to advance methods in implementation include developing a core set of implementation concepts and metrics, generating standards for implementation methods including pragmatic trials, mixed methods designs, complex interventions and measurement, and endorsing reporting standards for implementation studies.