mBio. 2013 Mar 26;4(2):e00156-13. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00156-13.
In their study published in January 2013 in mBio, Fang et al. reviewed records from the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and found more cases of scientific misconduct committed by men than women, particularly by faculty (F. C. Fang, J. W. Bennett, and A. Casadevall, mBio 4:1-3, 2013). Powerful social norms shape the way men and women behave, and implicit gender schemas can lead to different evaluation standards for men and women for tasks stereotypically linked to one gender. It is possible that norms for acceptable male and female behavior could lead to a lower threshold for men than women to engage in the risky behavior of scientific misconduct. It is also possible that women and men commit scientific fraud at the same rate but that, because crime is a male-gendered domain, evaluators require more proof of the criminal "competence" of women for an investigation to rise to the level of an ORI case or that female gender norms for likeability and a lower apology threshold more often prevent escalation of women's fraud beyond a local level. Male scientists also have more opportunity to commit fraud than female scientists because they receive more NIH research funding--a finding that may also be influenced by gender schemas. We cannot conclude from the ORI data that men are more likely than women to risk the consequences of committing scientific misconduct simply because risk taking aligns with male gender stereotypes. Neither can we conclude that because men are more likely than women to commit fraud in other contexts, men are also more likely than women to commit scientific fraud. We can conclude, however, that scientific misconduct, regardless of who commits it, diminishes all who contribute to the scientific enterprise.
在他们 2013 年 1 月发表于 mBio 的研究中，Fang 等人审查了研究诚信办公室（ORI）的记录，发现男性比女性更易发生科学不端行为，尤其是教员（Fang 等，mBio 4:1-3, 2013）。强大的社会规范塑造了男性和女性的行为方式，而隐含的性别模式可能会导致针对与性别相关的任务，对男性和女性采用不同的评估标准。可能是可接受的男性和女性行为规范导致男性比女性更容易从事科学不端行为的风险行为。也可能是男性和女性以相同的速度犯科学欺诈罪，但由于犯罪是一个男性主导的领域，评估者需要更多证据证明女性的犯罪“能力”，以便将调查提升到 ORI 案件的水平，或者女性的性别规范更倾向于讨人喜欢和降低道歉门槛，更经常阻止女性的欺诈行为在当地层面之上升级。男性科学家比女性科学家更有机会犯欺诈罪，因为他们获得了更多的 NIH 研究资金——这一发现也可能受到性别模式的影响。我们不能仅仅因为冒险行为符合男性性别刻板印象，就从 ORI 数据中得出男性比女性更有可能冒险从事科学不端行为的结论。我们也不能得出这样的结论：因为男性比女性更有可能在其他情况下犯欺诈罪，所以男性比女性更有可能犯科学欺诈罪。然而，我们可以得出结论，科学不端行为，无论谁犯了它，都会损害所有为科学事业做出贡献的人。
