Agroprocessing and Natural Products Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Trivandrum 695 015, India.
J Agric Food Chem. 2013 May 1;61(17):4145-54. doi: 10.1021/jf400095y. Epub 2013 Apr 22.
Severe flooding of the Brahmaputra River during the monsoon season and continuous rainfall in the northeast region (NER) of India cause an enormous loss of ginger crop every year. In this context, the present study investigates the variation in the essential oil composition and oleoresin and [6]-gingerol contents in 10 different fresh ginger cultivars harvested at 6- and 9-month maturity from five different states of NER. Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and citral composition in the essential oil were evaluated to ascertain their dependence upon the maturity of ginger. Except Mizoram Thinglaidum, Mizoram Thingria, Nagaland Nadia, and Tripura I ginger cultivars, all other cultivars showed an increase in the citral content during the maturity that was observed for the first time. At 6-month maturity, a higher undecanone level was found in Nagaland Nadia (7.36 ± 0.61%), Tripura I (6.23 ± 0.61%), and Tripura III (9.17 ± 0.76%) cultivars, and these data can be used as a benchmark to identify those immature varieties. Interestingly, the Nagaland Nadia cultivar showed higher ar-curcumene (9.57 ± 0.58%) content than zingiberene (5.84 ± 0.24%), which was unique among all cultivars. Ginger harvested at 9-month maturity from the Tripura II cultivar had the highest citral content (22.03 ± 0.49%), and the Meghalaya Mahima cultivar had the highest zingiberene content (29.89 ± 2.92%). The oleoresin content was found to decrease with maturity in all cultivars, except Assam Fibreless and Manipur I. Moreover, the highest oleoresin (11.43 ± 0.58 and 9.42 ± 0.63%) and [6]-gingerol (1.67 ± 0.03 and 1.67 ± 0.05 g) contents were observed for Tripura II and Nagaland Nadia, respectively. This study suggests that Tripura and Nagaland are the most ideal locations in NER for ginger cultivation to obtain high yields of oleoresin and [6]-gingerol contents and harvesting at the 6-month maturation will compensate for the loss of ginger crop caused by the Brahmaputra River flooding in NER every year.
季风季节布拉马普特拉河的严重洪水和印度东北部地区（NER）的持续降雨每年都会导致姜作物的巨大损失。在这种情况下，本研究调查了从 NER 的五个不同邦收获的 10 个不同新鲜姜品种在 6 个月和 9 个月成熟时的精油成分、油树脂和[6]-姜醇含量的变化。评估了精油中的单萜、倍半萜和柠檬醛组成，以确定它们对姜成熟度的依赖性。除了 Mizoram Thinglaidum、Mizoram Thingria、Nagaland Nadia 和 Tripura I 姜品种外，所有其他品种的柠檬醛含量在成熟过程中都有所增加，这是首次观察到。在 6 个月成熟时，在 Nagaland Nadia（7.36±0.61%）、Tripura I（6.23±0.61%）和 Tripura III（9.17±0.76%）品种中发现较高的十一烷酮水平，这些数据可以用作识别那些不成熟品种的基准。有趣的是，Nagaland Nadia 品种的α-姜黄烯（9.57±0.58%）含量高于姜烯（5.84±0.24%），这在所有品种中是独特的。来自 Tripura II 品种的 9 个月成熟的姜具有最高的柠檬醛含量（22.03±0.49%），而 Meghalaya Mahima 品种具有最高的姜烯含量（29.89±2.92%）。除 Assam Fibreless 和 Manipur I 外，所有品种的油树脂含量都随着成熟度的增加而降低。此外，Tripura II 和 Nagaland Nadia 的油树脂（11.43±0.58 和 9.42±0.63%）和[6]-姜醇（1.67±0.03 和 1.67±0.05 g）含量最高。本研究表明，在 NER，Tripura 和 Nagaland 是最适合种植姜的地区，可以获得高产的油树脂和[6]-姜醇含量，而在 6 个月成熟时收获将弥补每年因 NER 布拉马普特拉河洪水造成的姜作物损失。
