Urrutia-Escobar M X, Armbrecht I
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Environ Entomol. 2013 Apr;42(2):194-203. doi: 10.1603/EN11084.
Simplification of agroecosystems because of industrialization of agriculture may cause the loss of associated animal biodiversity of both vertebrates and invertebrates. To measure how the agricultural intensification on coffee plantations affects ant biodiversity, we intensively sampled ants in Caldono (Cauca, Colombia). We surveyed 15 sites classified into three management types: sun coffee plantations, shaded coffee plantations, and forest patches. Fifteen 50-m linear transects, each one consisting of 5 pitfall traps and 5 tuna baits, were set at each sampling location between December of 2009 and February of 2010. We collected 18,186 ants that represent 82 ant species, 34 genera, and 9 subfamilies of Formicidae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The management intensification index showed an increasing intensification gradient along the 15 sampling locations from forest patches to shaded coffee to sun coffee plantations. Shaded coffee plantations harbored the highest number of species (60), followed by forest (56) and sun coffee (33). Ant species composition and plant structure on shaded coffee plantations resembled the forest patches more than the sun coffee plantations. Forest and shaded coffee plantations had a more equitable distribution of ant species, whereas in sun coffee plantations, Linepithema neotropicum (Emery) and Ectatomma ruidum (Roger) typically outnumbered all other ant species. Evidence from functional groups indicated that specific habitat and feeding requirements exist among the species that are found together. Our results confirmed that intensification of agriculture negatively affects ant diversity, despite the fact that farms were located in a heterogeneous landscape, suggesting that agroecological management is a strong determinant in the conservation of wild fauna.
农业工业化导致农业生态系统简化，可能致使脊椎动物和无脊椎动物等相关动物生物多样性丧失。为测定咖啡种植园的农业集约化如何影响蚂蚁生物多样性，我们在卡尔多诺（考卡省，哥伦比亚）对蚂蚁进行了密集采样。我们调查了15个地点，分为三种管理类型：阳光咖啡种植园、遮荫咖啡种植园和森林斑块。在2009年12月至2010年2月期间，在每个采样地点设置了15条50米长的线性样带，每条样带由5个陷阱诱捕器和5个金枪鱼诱饵组成。我们收集了18186只蚂蚁，它们代表蚁科（膜翅目：蚁科）的82个蚂蚁物种、34个属和9个亚科。管理集约化指数显示，从森林斑块到遮荫咖啡种植园再到阳光咖啡种植园，沿着15个采样地点的集约化梯度不断增加。遮荫咖啡种植园拥有的物种数量最多（60种），其次是森林（56种）和阳光咖啡种植园（33种）。遮荫咖啡种植园的蚂蚁物种组成和植物结构与森林斑块的相似性高于阳光咖啡种植园。森林和遮荫咖啡种植园的蚂蚁物种分布更为均匀，而在阳光咖啡种植园中，新热带盲切叶蚁（埃默里）和鲁氏猛蚁（罗杰）的数量通常超过所有其他蚂蚁物种。功能群的证据表明，共同存在的物种之间存在特定的栖息地和觅食需求。我们的结果证实，尽管农场位于异质景观中，但农业集约化对蚂蚁多样性有负面影响，这表明农业生态管理是野生动物保护的一个重要决定因素。
