Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
Hum Mov Sci. 2013 Jun;32(3):511-26. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.02.001. Epub 2013 Apr 16.
In this study, we investigated and modeled the performance of target pointing hand movements in a hand free, touchless 3D environment. The targets had different positions, sizes and distances. Performance measurements included total movement time and movement trajectories. The total movement time consisted of a "primary submovement time" and a "secondary submovement time". Results indicated that the total movement time for targets with depth in the upper part of the spherical framework (3.10s) was shorter than for targets without depth (3.79s). The time for targets without depth in the lower part of the spherical framework (2.94s) was shorter than for targets with depth (3.57s). Within a 3D perspective display, the perception of distance and size depends on its depth position. Our results confirmed the adequacy of the 3D information in the display by showing the longest total movement time was observed for the reach of the "forward" target (3.94s). Fitts' model explained the total movement time (for targets without depth r(2)=.72; for targets with depth r(2)=.72). This study showed that participants navigated the 3D space naturally and could move the cursor using both sequential a axis moving strategy and a straight line moving strategy. Real-life applications of the proposed method include interface design for 3D perspective displays and hand movements in 3D environments.
在这项研究中，我们研究并建模了在免提、无触摸的 3D 环境中目标指向手运动的性能。目标具有不同的位置、大小和距离。性能测量包括总运动时间和运动轨迹。总运动时间由“主要子运动时间”和“次要子运动时间”组成。结果表明，在球形框架上部具有深度的目标（3.10 秒）的总运动时间比没有深度的目标（3.79 秒）短。在球形框架下部没有深度的目标（2.94 秒）的运动时间比具有深度的目标（3.57 秒）短。在 3D 透视显示中，距离和大小的感知取决于其深度位置。我们的结果通过显示最长的总运动时间是为“向前”目标的到达而观察到的（3.94 秒），证实了显示中的 3D 信息的充分性。菲茨定律模型解释了总运动时间（对于没有深度的目标 r(2)=.72；对于有深度的目标 r(2)=.72）。这项研究表明，参与者自然地在 3D 空间中导航，并且可以使用顺序 a 轴移动策略和直线移动策略来移动光标。所提出方法的实际应用包括 3D 透视显示的界面设计和 3D 环境中的手运动。
